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Development > DV axis formation in drosophila > Flashcards

DV axis formation in drosophila Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major classes of DV mutant?

A
  1. Maternal

2. Zygotic

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2
Q

What is a maternal mutant?

A

When the mother’s genotype produces a mutant offspring.

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3
Q

What is dorsal?

A

A DV morphogen.

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4
Q

Where is a) dorsal protein and b) dorsal mRNA found in the embryo?

A

a) Localised ventrally

b) Uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Why is dorsal different from the other morphogens studied?

A

Usually mRNA and protein are found together.

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6
Q

What is torpedo?

A

A transmembrane receptor expressed in follicle cells.

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7
Q

What is Gurken?

A

A secreted protein expressed by the oocyte.

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8
Q

Where is gurken found in the oocyte?

A

Clustered around the nucleus.

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9
Q

What happens when gurken binds torpedo?

A

The microtubules become polarised and extend along the AP axis.

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10
Q

What happens once the microtubules have elongated?

A

A symmetry breaking event: the nucleus migrates anteriorly.

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11
Q

What does gurken cause the follicle cells to do?

A

Dorsalise.

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12
Q

What gene does gurken-torpedo binding inhibit?

A

Pipe.

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13
Q

Where is pipe inactivated?

A

On the dorsal side in the follicle cells, but active on the ventral side.

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14
Q

Pipe initiates a signalling cascade that ends in what?

A

The degradation of cactus.

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15
Q

What does the degradation of cactus lead to?

A

Dorsal being released into the nucleus.

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16
Q

Thus the whole point of gurken-torpedo signalling is?

A

To cause symmetry breaking and cause the release of dorsal into the nucleus.

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17
Q

What is the amnioserosa?

A

Part of the embryonic membrane

18
Q

What is the neurogenic ectoderm?

A

Where the neuroblasts delaminate from.

19
Q

How many types of neuroblast originate from the neurogenic ectoderm?

A

3.

20
Q

What does the degradation of cactus lead to?

A

Dorsal being released into the nucleus on the ventral side of the emrbyo.

21
Q

Thus the whole point of gurken-torpedo signalling is?

A

To cause symmetry breaking and cause the release of dorsal into the nucleus on the ventral side.

22
Q

Which 3 genes does dorsal, after it enters the nuclei on the ventral side of the embryo, activate? What do they have in common?

A
  1. snail
  2. twist
  3. rhomboid

They are all ventral determinants.

23
Q

Which 3 genes does dorsal inhibit on the ventral side of the embryo? What do they have in common?

A
  1. decapentaplegic
  2. tolloid
  3. zerknullt

They are all dorsal determinants.

24
Q

What are the 2 major classes of DV mutant?

A
  1. Maternal

2. Zygotic

25
Q

Of snail, twist and rhomboid, which has the broadest domain within the blastula and why?

A

Rhomboid: it is activated by intermediate levels of dorsal.

26
Q

What is sog?

A

A ventral morphogen that acts later in development.

27
Q

Where is sog located?

A

In the neurogenic ectoderm.

28
Q

What does sog inhibit and why?

A

Sog inhibits ventral-ward diffusion of Dpp to maintain the boundary.

29
Q

Which gene degrades sog?

A

Tolloid.

30
Q

What does the interaction between sog and Dpp/tolloid do?

A

Generates gradients that help neurogenic ectoderm differentiate into nerve cells.

31
Q

What is Dpp?

A

A later-acting dorsal morphogen.

32
Q

What is twist?

A

A TSF that regulates mesoderm formation.

33
Q

What is a zygotic mutant?

A

Where the zygotic genome is responsible for mutation.

34
Q

What is characteristic about zygotic mutants?

A

They are usually eithr completely dorsalised or completely ventralised.

35
Q

What has comparative anatomy revealed about the DV axis in a) invertebrates and b) vertebrates?

A

a) The nerve cord is ventral and the heart is dorsal

b) The heart is ventral and the nerve cord is dorsal

36
Q

In invertebrates, Dpp is a dorsal determinant:

a) What is Dpp’s homologue in mice?
b) Where is it located?

A

a) Bmp4

b) Ventrally

37
Q

What do invertebrate Dpp and vertebrate Bmp4 both do?

A

Are involved in the formation of tissues like the heart, blood, eye etc.

38
Q

In invertebrates, sog is a ventral determinant:

a) What is sog’s homologue in mice?
b) Where is it located?

A

a) Chordin

b) Dorsally

39
Q

What do invertebrate sog and vertebrate chordin both do?

A

Specify regions of the CNS in the same order.

40
Q

What happens if you interchange sog and chordin in experiments?

A

They do exactly the same thing.

41
Q

Define innate immunity.

A

General immune response that involves the production of non-specific peptides. Insects only have this immunity.

42
Q

The mammalian immunity genes of NF-kappaB and its repressor kappaB are homologous to which invertebrate genes? What do these genes do?

A

Dorsal and cactus: although they are DV genes they also involved in insect innate immunity.

Development (18 decks)

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