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Classic Sociological Theory > Durkheim > Flashcards

Durkheim Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Two Main Themes in Durkheims work

A
  • Priority of the social over the individual
  • Society can be studied scientifically
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2
Q

When was sociology born according to Durkheim

A

France in the nineteenth century

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3
Q

How did Durkheim separate sociology from psychology

A

He argued that sociology should be concerned with the study of social facts

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4
Q

How did Durkheim separate sociology for philosophy

A

He argued that it should be oriented towards empirical research

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5
Q

Define Social Facts

A

Social structures and cultural norms and values that are external to and relative of actors

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6
Q

How are social facts to be studied?

A

Empirically and treated as “things”

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7
Q

What were the two ways of defining social facts

A
  1. a social fact is experienced as an external constraint
  2. It is general through society and not attached to any particular individual
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8
Q

How are social facts explained?

A

Only by other social facts

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9
Q

Examples of Social Facts

A

Legal Rules, moral obligations, social conventions, language

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10
Q

What are material social facts

A

Social facts that can be directly observed

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11
Q

What are nonmaterial social facts

A

Norms, values and cultures

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12
Q

Where are nonmaterial social facts found

A

Mostly found in the mind

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13
Q

What is relational realism

A

The level of reality interactions between nonmaterial facts creates

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14
Q

What are the two aspects of morality

A
  • morality is a social fact
  • morality identified with society
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15
Q

Four types of nonmaterial social facts

A

Morality, collective conscience, collective representations and social currents

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16
Q

Durkheim’s Concern with morality

A

People were in danger of pathological loosening of moral bonds

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17
Q

Define Collective conscience

A

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

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18
Q

Define Collective Representations

A

Refer to both a collective concept and a social “force”

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19
Q

What are examples of Collective representations

A

Religious symbols, myths, legends, group memories

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20
Q

Define Social currents

A

A set of meanings that are shared by the members of a collectivity

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21
Q

Does the division of labour separate people?

A

No, it pulls people together by forcing them to be dependent on reach other

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22
Q

Two types of social solidarity

A

mechanical and organic

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23
Q

Define mechanical solidarity

A

People are all engaged in similar activities and have similar responsibilities

24
Q

Define Organic solidarity

A

People have differences and all have different tasks and responsibilities

25
Q

How is modern society held together according to Durkheim

A

By the specialization of people and their need for the services of others

26
Q

How can collective conscience be differentiated in the two types of society

A

Volume, Intensity, rigidity and content

27
Q

Mechanical Solidarity dimensions

A

V: Entire society
I: High
R: High
C: Religious

28
Q

Organic Solidarity dimensions

A

V: Particular groups
I: Low
R: Low
C: Moral Individualism

29
Q

Define Dynamic Density

A
  • causes the transition from mechanical to organic
    The number of people in a society and the amount of interaction that occurs among them
30
Q

What law characterizes mechanical solidarity

A

Repressive Law
- Due to everyone feeling offense, wrongdoer is severely punished

31
Q

What law characterizes organic solidarity

A

Restitutive Law
- Offenses committed against particular individual rather than whole society

32
Q

What determines if a society is healthy or not

A

If it has similarities to other societies

33
Q

What are the three abnormal forms of the division of labour

A
  1. the anomic
  2. the forced
  3. the poorly ordinated
34
Q

How to evaluate suicide rates

A
  • Compare different societies
  • look at changes in rates over time
35
Q

Four types of Suicide

A

egoistic, altruistic, anomic, fatalistic

36
Q

The two social facts relating to suicide

A

Integration: the strength of attachment to society
Regulation: degree of external constraint of people

37
Q

egoistic suicide

A

low social integration
- feeling they are not a part of society

38
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

strong social integration
- feels it is their duty to do so

39
Q

Anomic suicide

A

low social regulation
- disruptions within the powers of society leaving people dissatisfied

40
Q

Fatalistic suicide

A

high social regulation
- passions choked by oppressive discipline

41
Q

Form of social reform suggested

A

Institution based occupational groups

42
Q

How is religion created

A

Society creates it by defining certain phenomena as sacred and others as profane

43
Q

Conditions needed for a religion

A
  • Set beliefs
  • Set of rituals
  • Churches
44
Q

Life of a clan phases

A
  • clan separates into small groups and groups live independently (is uniform and dull)
  • members gather together in celebrations
45
Q

Define collective effervescence

A

the passion or energy that arises when groups of people share the same thoughts and emotions.
- shared energies are sacred, all else is profane

46
Q

Define totemism

A

a religious system in which certain things come to be regarded as sacred

47
Q

What are the two general models for how humans develop concepts

A

Empiricism: contends that our concepts are just generalizations of sense impressions
Apriorism: Contends that we must be born with some initial categories of understanding

48
Q

What are the six fundamental categories of understanding

A

Time: rhythms of social life
Space: division of space occupied by society
Classification: the human group
Force: experiences with social forces
Causality: imitative rituals
Totality: society itself

49
Q

Summarize Religion

A

It is what connects society and the individual

50
Q

What are the three components of morality

A
  1. Involves discipline
  2. involves attachment to society
  3. involves autonomy
51
Q

What was it like before Durkheim reformed education

A

There were two approaches:
- Education as an extension of the church
- education as the unfolding of the natural individual

52
Q

How was education reformed

A
  • provides individuals with discipline
  • education could develop devotion to society
  • develops autonomy
53
Q

What are occupational associations

A

All the workers and owners joined together in association that is both professional and social

54
Q

How did conflict occur in the workplace according to Durkheim

A

Through lack of common morality

55
Q

Criticisms of Durkheim

A
  • was only an accidental functionalist
  • no attempt to predefine the needs of society
  • Provided no evidence about passions
  • Failed to give consciousness an active role in social process
  • Judged as a conservative due to criticisms of socialism, feminism and emphasis on morality
56
Q

Contemporary Applications of Durkheim

A

Contemporary Applications of Durkheim
- Inspired Goffman
- Racial Order relied on theory of culture
- Americans classifying europeans as sacred and black as profane
- Sociology is information and communication technology

Classic Sociological Theory (6 decks)

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