Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Unit III > Duodenum, Pancreas, and Spleen > Flashcards

Duodenum, Pancreas, and Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

What are some characteristics of the small intestine?

A
  • It is the longest part of the GI tract
  • It extends from the pyloric orifice of the stomach to the ileocecal valve
  • Hollow tube 6-7 meters long with the diameter narrowing from beginning to end
  • Tube is divided into 3 parts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the duodenum begin and end?

A

It is the first part of the small intestine and begins at the pylorus and ends at the duodenojejunal junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some characteristics of the duodenum?

A
  • C-shaped course from the pylorus around the head and neck of the pancreas
  • Eventually continuous with the jejunum
  • ~25 cm long
  • The shortest, widest, most fixed part of the small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a function of the duodenum?

A

Collects bile and pancreatic fluid via their ducts so it participates in digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The duodenum is divided into 4 parts:

A
  1. Superior
  2. Descending
  3. Horizontal
  4. Ascending
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What parts of the duodenum are retroperitoneal?

A

All parts except the initial part and the tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the location of the superior part of the duodenum:

A

It is anterolateral to the body of L1 at the right side. It is ~5cm long and is divided into proximal and distal regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is significant about the superior part of the duodenum?

A

It is the most movable part of the duodenum and it receives stomach contents so it is exposed to high acidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the proximal part of the superior part of duodenum:

A
  • Has a smooth luminal surface - ampulla or duodenal cap or bulb
  • Proximal half of duodenum has mesentery and is mobile
  • Greater omentum and hepatoduodenal ligaments are attached to this part of the duodenum (hence it moves with the stomach)
  • Most duodenal ulcers occur in this area since it receives acidic contents from stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the distal part of the superior part of duodenum:

A
  • Has corrugated luminal surface
  • Has no mesentery
  • Immobile
  • Retroperitoneal and fixed to the posterior abdominal wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What lies anterior to the superior part of the duodenum?

A
  1. Peritoneum
  2. Gall bladder
  3. Quadrate lobe of liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What lies posterior to the superior part of the duodenum?

A
  1. Bile duct
  2. Portal vein
  3. Inferior vena cava
  4. Gastroduodenal artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What lies superior to the superior part of the duodenum?

A

The neck of the gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What lies inferior to the superior part of the duodenum?

A

The neck of the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the descending part of the duodenum:

A
  • About 7.5 cm long
  • Has no mesentery
  • It descends retroperitoneally along the right sides of L1-L3, passing to the right and parallel to the IVC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What enters the descending part of the duodenum?

A

The bile duct and main pancreatic duct enter the posteromedial wall of the descending part of the duodenum, about 2/3 along its length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The bile duct and main pancreatic duct unite to form:

A

The hepatopancreatic ampulla, which opens on the major duodenal papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the opening of the ampulla surrounded by and what is the function?

A

Surrounded by the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla which is capable of regulating bile and pancreatic fluid flow in the duodenum (but in some people, the bile and pancreatic ducts do not join but open separately in the major duodenal papilla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is anterior to the descending part of the duodenum?

A
  1. Transverse colon
  2. Transvere mesocolon
  3. Some coils of the small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is posterior to the descending part of the duodenum?

A
  1. Hilus of right kidney
  2. Renal vessels
  3. Ureter
  4. Right psoas major muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is medial to the descending part of the duodenum?

A
  1. Head of pancreas
  2. Pancreatic duct
  3. Bile duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the horizontal part of the duodenum:

A
  • 10cm long
  • Runs horizontally from right to left across L3
  • Passes anterior to the inferior vena cava and aorta
  • Retroperitoneal and adherent to the posterior abdominal wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is anterior to the horizontal part of the duodenum?

A
  1. Superior mesenteric vein and artery

2. Coils of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is posterior to the horizontal part of the duodenum?

A
  1. Right psoas major
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Aorta
  4. Right ureter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is superior to the horizontal part of the duodenum?

A
  1. Head of the pancreas

2. Superior mesenteric vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the ascending part of the duodenum:

A
  • 2.5 cm long
  • Ascends on the left side of the aorta at the level of L2
  • Ascending part bends anteriorly and joins the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure
  • Most is retroperitoneal
  • Immobile, attached to the posterior abdominal wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which part of the ascending part of the duodenum is peritoneal?

A

The distal end, it is movable with the jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What supports the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

A fibromuscular suspensory muscle (or ligament) or the duodenum arising from the right crus of the diaphragm and attached to the ascending part of the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is anterior to the ascending part of the duodenum?

A
  1. Beginning of the root of the mesentery

2. Coils of jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is posterior to the ascending part?

A
  1. Left psoas major muscle

2. Left margin of the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is medial to the ascending part?

A
  1. Head of the pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is superior to the ascending part?

A
  1. Body of pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Several peritoneal folds and recesses are related to the duodenum, particularly near the:

A

Duodenojejunal junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How are these folds/recesses formed?

A

When the retroperitoneal duodenum changes to the peritoneal jejunum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 4 recesses formed by the peritoneal folds?

A
  1. Superior duodenal fold
  2. Inferior duodenal fold
  3. Retroduodenal (between superior and inferior)
  4. Paraduodenal (carriers the inferior mesentery vein in its fold)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The duodenum has a rich blood supply, mostly from:

A

The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal (PD) arteries

38
Q

The superior PD is a branch of the:

A

Gastroduodenal a

39
Q

The inferior PD is a branch of the:

A

Superior mesenteric aa

40
Q

The superior PD arteries supply:

A

The proximal half of the duodenum

41
Q

The inferior PD arteries supply:

A

The distal half of the duodenum

42
Q

Where do the superior and inferior PD anastomose and what does it form?

A

In the head of the pancreas to form an arterial arcade and the straight arteries originating from them supply the duodenum

43
Q

The superior part of the duodenum may receive blood from?

A
  1. Supraduodenal a
  2. Right gastric a
  3. Gastro-omental (gastro-epipolic) or
  4. Gastroduodenal a (these vessels often anastomose with each other)
44
Q

The veins of the duodenum drain into the postral venous system via which veins?

A

Either the superior mesenteric vein or by small direct veins

45
Q

The pre-pyloric vein at the gastroduodenal junction drains into the:

A

Right gastric vein

46
Q

Where is the lymphatic drainage? 3 nodes

A
  1. Pancreaticoduodenal nodes (along pancreaticoduodenal aa)
  2. Pyloric nodes (along gastroduodenal aa)
  3. Superior mesenteric nodes (along superior mesenteric aa)
    All of these nodes ultimately drain into the celiac nodes
47
Q

What innervated the duodenum?

A

The vagus nerve and sympathetic nerves via the plexus on the pancreaticoduodenal aa

48
Q

Which part of the duodenum is more prone to ulceration?

A

The first part of the duodenum. If the ulcer becomes perforated (erodes through the wall), digestive juices and gut contents escape into the peritoneal cavity and produce peritonitis (inflammation of the peritoneum)

49
Q

Defining characteristics of the pancreas:

A
  • It is elongated (12-15 cm), soft grayish digestive gland
  • Located near the transpyloric plane, across the posterior abdominal wall, posterior to the stomach
  • The transverse mesocolon is attached to its anterior margin
  • It lies posterior to the omental bursa
  • It is retroperitoneal, except for…
50
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Pancreatic fluid that enters the duodenum by the pancreatic duct, and hormones like insulin and glucagon that enter the blood

51
Q

The pancreas is located on the bodies of:

A

L1 to L3 vertebrae, and can be divided into 4 parts - head, neck, body and tail

52
Q

The pancreas is retroperitoneal except for:

A

The tip of the tail

53
Q

Describe the head of the pancreas:

A

It is located within the curve of the duodenum and has a prolongation called the uncinate process, which lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels

54
Q

What structures are posterior to the head of the pancreas?

A
  1. Inferior vena cava
  2. Right renal vessels
  3. Bile duct
55
Q

Describe the neck of the pancreas:

A
  • 2 cm long and located between the head and body
  • The neck is grooved posteriorly by the superior mesenteric vessels
  • Its anterior surface is covered with peritoneum and is adjacent to the pylorus of the stomach
  • The portal vein is formed posterior to it (merged splenic and superior mesenteric vv)
56
Q

Describe the body of the pancreas:

A
  • Extends across the aorta on L1-L3
  • Posterior to the omental bursa
  • Lies between the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery
  • Its superior part is intimately related to the splenic artery
  • It is retroperitoneal
57
Q

What is anterior to the body of the pancreas?

A
  1. Peritoneum

2. Bed of stomach, where it provides attachment for the transverse mesocolon

58
Q

What is posterior to the body of the pancreas?

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Superior mesenteric a
  3. Left suprarenal gland
  4. Left kidney
59
Q

Describe the tail of the pancreas:

A
  • It is thick and pointed or blunt
  • It passes between the two layers of the splenorenal (peritoneal) ligament
  • Its end usually contacts the hilum of the spleen, the tip is peritoneal
60
Q

What are the 2 pancreatic ducts?

A

One main duct and one accessory duct

61
Q

Characteristics of the main duct:

A
  • Starts at the tail of the pancreas and runs through the substance of the gland, receiving tributaries throughout the body of the pancreas
  • Lies near the posterior surface of the pancreas
  • Within the head, main duct turns inferiorly and comes close to the bile duct
  • The ampulla opens into the duodenum via the MAJOR DUODENAL PAPILLA
  • It drains digestive enzymes into the duodenum
  • There are 3 sphincters that regulate flow of bile and pancreatic juices to the duodenum
62
Q

The main duct unites with the bile duct to form the:

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

63
Q

What are the 3 sphincters that regulate flow of bile and pancreatic juices to the duodenum?

A
  1. Pancreatic duct sphincter (around the terminal part of the main duct)
  2. Hepatopancreatic sphincter (around ampulla)
  3. Choledochal sphincter (around bile duct)
64
Q

Describe the accessory duct:

A
  • It drains part of the head of the pancreas, variable

- It usually joins the main duct (in 9% of humans it may drain directly into the minor duodenal papilla)

65
Q

What is the arterial supply of the pancreas?

A

From the splenic and pancreaticoduodenal arteries. Up to 10 small branches of the splenic artery supply the body and tail of the pancreas.

66
Q

What is the role of the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries?

A

They form an arcade in the head of the pancreas and supply the head and neck of the pancreas

67
Q

The pancreatic veins drain into the:

A

Portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins

68
Q

The majority of pancreatic veins drain into the:

A

Splenic vein

69
Q

The pancreaticosplenic nodes lies along the:

A

Splenic artery

70
Q

The pyloric lymph nodes lie near the:

A

Pylorus

71
Q

Where do all pancreatic lymph nodes drain into?

A

The celiac, hepatic, and superior mesenteric lymph nodes

72
Q

Innervation of the pancreas comes from:

A

Vagus and splanchnic nerves

73
Q

The pain fibers are carried by:

A

The splanchnic nerves

74
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers travel along the arteries from the:

A

Celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses

75
Q

Defining characteristics of the spleen:

A
  • Large, soft vascular lymphatic organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
  • Largest single mass of lymphoid tissue
  • It is in contact with the posterior wall of the stomach
  • It is anterior to the superior pole of the left kidney
  • Its capsule and trabeculae contain smooth muscle
  • The hilum is usually intimately related to the tail of the pancreas
76
Q

Is the spleen peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Peritoneal

77
Q

What is attached to the hilum of the spleen?

A

The gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments are attached to the hilum of the spleen on its medial aspect where branches of the splenic artery enter and branch. The splenic veins exit at the hilum

78
Q

Describe the diaphragmatic surface:

A
  • Convex and smooth
  • Contacts diaphragm at 9-11 ribs
  • Superior border is sharp
  • Posterior and inferior borders are rounded
79
Q

Describe the visceral surface:

A

It is in contact with the posterior wall of the stomach and is connected to the greater curvature of the stomach by the GASTROSPLENIC LIGAMENT and left kidney by the splenorenal ligament

80
Q

The 3 surfaces of the visceral spleen include:

A

Colic, gastric, and renal

81
Q

What is the gastrosplenic ligament?

A

The peritoneal covering of the greater curvature of the stomach enclose the spleen. Ther peritoneum between the stomach and the spleen is called the gastrosplenic ligament

82
Q

What is the splenorenal ligament?

A

This peritoneal layer encloses the pole of the left kidney, the splenic vessels and the tail of the pancreas

83
Q

What is the largest branch of the celiac trunk?

A

The splenic artery - follows a torturous course along the superior border of the pancreas. Between the layers of the splenorenal ligament, the artery divides into 5 or more branches, which enter the hilum of the spleen

84
Q

What are the branches of the splenic artery in the spleen considered to be?

A

End arteries - there are no anastomoses between the small branches of the splenic arteries so obstruction of one of them could result in death of splenic tissue of that area

85
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the spleen:

A

The splenic vein is formed by several tributaries that emerge from the hilum of the spleen. It is joined by the INFERIOR MESENTERIC vein and runs posterior to the body and tail of the pancreas.

86
Q

Near the neck of the pancreas, the splenic vein joins the _________ to form the portal vein.

A

Superior mesenteric vein

87
Q

Where do splenic lymph vessels drain?

A

Into the pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes which are present in the posterior surface of the superior border of the pancreas

88
Q

What is the innervation to the spleen?

A

Nerves to the spleen are derived from the celiac plexus. They are mostly vasomotor - control how much blood flows in

89
Q

What happens when the spleen is ruptured?

A

Severe intraperitoneal hemorrhage and shock (the spleen is the most frequently ruptured abdominal organ)

90
Q

What is the problem with splenomegaly?

A

Some disease result in the enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly) –> an enlarged spleen crowds other abdominal viscera

91
Q

Why are the splenic arteries important?

A

They are end arteries and of surgical important - ligation of a branch will result in necrosis of that splenic segment it supplies.

92
Q

Is the spleen essential for life?

A

No, like the appendix, it is proposed that removal of the spleen may not cause major problems to adult human health

Anatomy Unit III (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions