Dugestive Flashcards
To which structure is the appendix attached?
Cecum
The amount of energy required by a body at rest is called the basal metabolic rate. It is affected by ( thyroid, digestive, pancreatic) hormone.
Thyroid
Which of the following functions is not the responsibility of the liver?
Release of insulin after a meal
Which structure prevents gastric reflux?
Lower esophageal sphincter
The gallbladder produces bile for fat digestion. Indicate if this statement is true or false.
False
The gallbladder does not produce bile; it stores and concentrates bile. Bile is actually produced by the liver and then stored in the gallbladder until needed for fat digestion.
Most of the GI tract has 2 layers of smooth muscle, but the esophagus has 3 because it is responsible for most of the mechanical breakdown of food.
False.
The esophagus does not have 3 layers of smooth muscle, nor is it primarily responsible for the mechanical breakdown of food.
Which of the following structures separates the oral and nasal cavities?
Palate
The palate separates the oral cavity (mouth ) from the nasal cavity. It has two parts:
Hard palate ( front part) — made of bone
Soft palate (back part ) — made of muscle, helps with swallowing.
What is primary role of the microvilli?
Absorption
Microvilli are tiny , finger-like projections on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells. They increase the surface area of the small intestine making nutrients absorption more efficient.
Which substances are primarily responsible for the digestion of fats?
Bile and lipase
Bile ( produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder) emulsifies fats , breaking them into smaller droplets for easier digestion.
Lipase (produced by the pancreas) breaks down fats into glycerol and fatty acids for absorption.
Which of the following nutrients are important for building proteins?
Amino acids
Are the building blocks of proteins. When we consume protein -rich foods.
Chemoreceptor
Cranial Nerve I ( Olfactory)
. Chemoreceptors detect chemical stimuli (like smell in the nose )
Photoreceptor
Cranial Nerve II (Optic)
.Photoreceptors (rods and cones ) detect light.
. The optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II) is responsible for vision.
Mechanoreceptor
Cranial Nerve VIII ( Vestibulocochlear )
Mechanoreceptors detect mechanical stimuli (like sound and balance)
The vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII) is responsible for hearing and balance.
Which two situations would stimulate nociceptor ?
Tony drops a bowling ball on his foot.
Helen’s cardiac muscle suffers a lack of oxygen.
Nociceptors are pain receptors that detect tissue damage , extreme temperatures, and lack of oxygen.
Which parts of the eye refract light so that it focuses properly on the retina ?
Cornea and lens
The cornea and lens are responsible for refracting (bending) light so that it focuses properly on the retina , allowing clear vision.
The receptors for general senses are more widely distributed throughout the body than those for the special senses. Indicate if this statement is true or false.
True
General senses (such as touch ? Pain , temperature, and pressure) have widely distributed receptors throughout the skin , muscles , joints and organs.
Special senses (such as vision , hearing , smell, taste , and balance ) have specialized receptors located in specific organs (eyes , ears , nose , tongue, and inner ear )
Arrange in order of activation, from first to last , the ossicles of the middle ear.
1 Malleus
2 Incus
3 Stapes
The chemoreceptors for taste are located primarily on the
Taste buds on the tongue
Mainly located on the taste buds found n the tongue.
The pupil of the eye should constrict in dim lighting to improve visual acuity. Indicate if this statement is true or false.
False
In dim lighting , the pupil dilates (enlarges ) to allow more light to enter the eye, improving vision in low -light conditions.
The pupil constricts (shrinks ) in bright light to protect the retina from excessive light and improve visual acuity.
So , in dim lighting, the pupil should dilate , not constrict.
Which of the following receptors help us maintain balance by sensing the location and orientation of our body parts ?
Proprioceptors.
Are specialized sensory receptors found in muscles , tendons, and joints.
All of the following senses are considered ‘special senses’ except which one ?
A Balance
B touch
C taste
D sight
The answer is touch
Special senses are senses that have specialized organs dedicated to them. These include;
Balance (inner ear)
Taste (tongue )
Sight (eyes )
In order for a sensory stimulus to be sensed by the brain , the stimulus must first trigger a receptor to send a message along nerve pathways to the central nervous system.
True
For a sensory stimulus to be perceived by the brain.
