Duan: Gout Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joint space as a result of long-standing hyperuricemia (increased production or decreased excretion of uric acid), causing an inflammatory reaction.

A

gout

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2
Q

What is happening in the inflammatory process in gout?

A

deposition of uric acid crystals causes phagocytic cells to infiltrate and attempt to phagocytize the urate crystals;
lactate production is high in synovial joints and this low pH environment causes further deposition of uric acid

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3
Q

Urate is also deposited in the interstitial tissues of the kidney. What problem can this lead to?

A

kidney stones

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4
Q

What are some conditions that increase uric acid?

A
height
body weight
blood pressure
warm climate
diabetes
hyperlipidemia
alcohol
social status
intelligence
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5
Q

At what age is gout most likely to occur in males and females?

A

70’s for men

80+ for females

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6
Q

Uric acid (which is converted to urate) is a product of (blank) metabolism

A

purine

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7
Q

Deficiency in this enzyme can cause primary gout

A

HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase)

**Lesch-Nyhan disease

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8
Q

Overproduction of urate secondary to increased breakdown of blood cells as in leukemia.

Chemotherapy or radiation.

Decreased excretion of urate due to use of alcohol, thiazide diuretics or low doses of aspirin.

A

secondary gout

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9
Q

Describe the disease progression of gout

A

asymptomatic with high levels of serum urate
acute gout: very painful monoarticular arthritis, usu in a big toe initially
intercritical period: remission
chronic tophaceous gout: gouty arthritis with crystals in synovium and some degree of bone erosion
uric acid kidney stones can form

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10
Q

Chronic gout leads to deposition of urates into a chalky mass known as a (blank). This mass can destroy the joint and adjacent bone

A

tophus

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11
Q

Pale areas seen in histology of gout, aggregates of urate crystals surrounded by infiltrated of immune mediating cells

A

tophi

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12
Q

Synovial fluid is aspirated from a patient with gout and examined for the presence of (blank)

A

sodium urate crystals

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13
Q

In this disease, there is formation of rhomboid or coffin-shaped calcium pyrophosphate crystals

A

pseudogout

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14
Q

A unique antiinflammatory agent in that it is effective only against gouty arthritis. It provides dramatic relief of inflammation and pain in acute gouty arthritis, and is an effective prophylactic agent against such attacks.
Drug of choice for acute attacks.
Reduction of inflammation and relief from pain occur 12—24 hours after oral administration.

A

colchicine

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15
Q

What is the MOA of colchicine? Does it effects the concentration of uric acid in the blood or its renal excretion?

A

may inhibit granulocytes from infiltrating into inflamed area, inhibits release of histamine from mast cells; no it does not influence renal excretion of blood concentration of uric acid

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16
Q

How long after admin of colchicine will there be relief from inflammation and pain?

A

12-24 hours

17
Q

Adverse effects of colchicine?

Orally?
IV?
High dose?

A

orally: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea

IV: sloughing skin and subcutaneous tissue

high dose can result in liver damage and blood dyscrasias

18
Q

useful in the treatment of gout because they increase the excretion of uric acid by blocking its reabsorption for the urine.

A

uricosuric agents

19
Q

These two uricosuric agents reduce urate levels by preventing reabsorption of uric acid in renal tubules; used for chronic gout in combo with colchicine

A

probenecid

sulfinpyrazone (also an NSAID)

20
Q

What can uricosuric agents do to the urine?

A

increased urinary concentration of uric acid may result in urolithiasis or urate stones

21
Q

Inhibits the synthesis of uric acid by inhibiting xanthine oxidase, an enzyme that converts hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid, the terminal steps in uric acid biosynthesis

A

allopurinol

22
Q

What enzyme does allopurinol block?

A

xanthine oxidase

23
Q

What are these?

indomethacin
naproxen
sulindac

A

NSAIDs that are FDA approved for ACUTE gout

**faster onset
less toxic
cost effective

24
Q

Can be injected into joint to relieve pain locally; have less utility in ACUTE gout bc they do not work as well as NSAIDs or colchicine

A

corticosteroids

25
Q

Acute gout is treated with (blank) (indomethacin, naproxen, and sulindac). These NSAIDs are preferred to colchicine because of the (blank) associated with he use of colchicine.

A

NSAIDs; diarrhea

26
Q

Chronic gout is treated with (blank) to increase the elimination of uric acid (probenecid, sulfinpyrazone) and allopurinol to inhibit uric acid production

A

uricosuric agents

27
Q

3 maintenance drugs for gout

A

allopurinol
probenecid
sulfinpyrazone