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PA2 > DSP > Flashcards

DSP Flashcards

1
Q

typical urine output

A

600-2000 mL/day

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2
Q

urine glucose false pos

A

SGLT2 inhib

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3
Q

urine glucose false neg

A

Vit C

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4
Q

urine bili pos

A

conjugated/direct hyperbili

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5
Q

urine bili false pos

A

red urine

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6
Q

urine bili false neg

A

light exposure

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7
Q

urine ketones pos

A

lipid metab

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8
Q

urine ketones pos and glucosuria pos

A

DKA

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9
Q

urine ketone false pos

A

highly pigmented urine

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10
Q

urine spec gravity normal

A

<1.010

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11
Q

urine blood pos

A

hematuria or hematoglobinuria

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12
Q

urine blood false pos

A

menses, strenuous exercise

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13
Q

urine blood false neg

A

red urine, beets

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14
Q

urine pH acidic

A

high protein diet, diabetic acidosis, severe diarrhea, dehydration, fever, bacteria

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15
Q

urine pH alkaline

A

high veg/milk/citrus diet, vomiting, resp alkalosis, UTI, CKD

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16
Q

urine protein pos

A

glomerular damage, nephrotic syndrome, preeclampsia

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17
Q

urine protein false pos

A

pH 9+

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18
Q

urobilinogen increased

A

unconjugated/indirect bili

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19
Q

urobilinogen absent

A

conjugated/direct bili

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20
Q

urobilinogen false pos

A

red urine

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21
Q

urobilinogen false neg

A

old urine

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22
Q

hemolytic dz bili and urobili

A

reg bili, inc urobili

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23
Q

hepatic dz bili and urobili

A

inc bili, inc urobili

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24
Q

extrahep dz bili and urobili

A

inc bili, absent urobili

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25
Q

urine nitrate pos

A

enterobacteria present

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26
Q

urine nitrate false neg

A

<4-6 hrs since last urination

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27
Q

urine leukocytes pos

A

UTI or inflammation

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28
Q

urine leukocytes false neg

A

conc urine, proteinuria, glucosuria, viral infection

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29
Q

RBC microscopy values

A

<5 normal, >=2 microscopic hematuria

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30
Q

neutrophil microscopy

A

bacteria

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31
Q

eosinophil microscopy

A

interstitial nephritis

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32
Q

transitional epithelial cells microscopy

A

renal pelvis -> prox urethra

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33
Q

squamous epithelial cells microscopy

A

distal urethra -> ext genitalia

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34
Q

RBC cast

A

glomerulonephritis

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35
Q

WBC cast

A

interstitial nephritis

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36
Q

granular casts

A

acute tubular necrosis or AKI

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37
Q

renal tubular casts

A

acute tubular necrosis

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38
Q

hyaline casts

A

oliguria with conc urine

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39
Q

broad waxy casts

A

CKD

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40
Q

fatty casts

A

nephrotic syndrome

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41
Q

calcium oxalate mono

A

dumbbell; kidney stone

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42
Q

calcium oxalate di

A

square envelope; kidney stone

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43
Q

calcium phosphate

A

circle with spikes; alkaline urine

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44
Q

uric acid crystals

A

rhomboid; acidic urine

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45
Q

cystine crystals

A

cuboidal; acidic urine

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46
Q

struvite crystals

A

long envelope; alkaline urine (common in bact)

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47
Q

oval fat bodies

A

maltese cross, nephrotic syndrome

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48
Q

bladder scan direction

A

3 cm above pubic symphysis; 15 degree caudal

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49
Q

bladder scan pos number

A

> 300 mL is urinary retention

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50
Q

bladder scan inaccurate if

A

body habitus, edema, scar, vol >1000mL

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51
Q

bladder scan equation

A

transverse x AP x length x 0.52

52
Q

urine culture positive number

A

> =100,000 or if woman with pyuria, >= 1000

53
Q

Gram pos color

A

purple

54
Q

Gram neg color

A

pink (red)

55
Q

gamma hemolytic bacteria

A

MRSA, Staph epidermis, Group D strep (boris, viridans)

56
Q

alpha hemolytic bacteria

A

Strept pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis

57
Q

tetanus prone wound

A

> 6 hrs old, >1 cm deep, stellate/avulsion, associated with devitalized tissue, contam with soil/feces/saliva, from gun/puncture/crush, associated with frostbite/burn

58
Q

absorb mono

A

Gut, monocryl, PDS

59
Q

absorb multi

A

vicryl

60
Q

nonabsorb mono

A

prolene, nylon

61
Q

nonabsorb multi

A

silk, nylon

62
Q

growth hormone increase

A

gigantism, acromegaly, anorexia/starvation, hypoglycemia, stress/surgery, exercise

63
Q

growth hormone decrease

A

pituitary insuff, GH deficient, hyperglycemia

64
Q

growth hormone stim test

A

give insulin to cause hypoglyc, if GH >10x => positive for excessive response

65
Q

growth hormone suppress test

A

give glucose to cause hyperglyc, if GH does not change => positive for insufficient regulation

66
Q

GH effects

A

increase skeletal growth, increase free FA, increase gluconeogen, increase blood to kidneys

67
Q

prolactin effects

A

milk secretion in females

68
Q

prolactin increase

A

pharm (SSRI, anticonvulse), physio (stress, exercise), patho (acromegaly, hypothy, SLE)

69
Q

ACTH secreted in resp to

A

dec cortisol, inc stress, hypoglycemia

70
Q

ACTH effects

A

stim adrenal cortex to release mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens

71
Q

normal stimulation test for ACTH

A

give ACTH, if <2x rise in cortisol => deficient

72
Q

ACTH increase

A

Addison dz (adrenal failure), pituitary adenoma or other ACTH tumor

73
Q

ACTH decrease

A

Cushing dz, Cushing syndrome, adrenal hyperplasia, hypopituitary

74
Q

TSH secreted in resp to

A

decreased T3/T4

75
Q

TSH increase

A

primary hypothyroidism, thyroditis, thryoid ablation, iodine toxicity, pituitary tumor

76
Q

TSH decrease

A

secondary hypothyroidism, hyperthyroid, meds (synthyroid)F

77
Q

GH hypothal

A

GHRH

78
Q

ACTH hypothal

A

CRH

79
Q

TSH hypothal

A

TRH

80
Q

FSH/LH hypothal

A

GnRH

81
Q

FSH effects

A

female: maturation of germinal follicle, produce estrogen
male: control spermatogenesis in Sertoli cells

82
Q

LH effects

A

female: LH surge leads to ovulation, corpus luteum develop, produce progesterone
male: produce testosterone in Leydig cells

83
Q

LH/FSH increase

A

ovarian/teste fail, pituitary neoplasm, drugs

84
Q

LH/FSH decrease

A

hypo pituitary, hyper ovary/testes, drugs

85
Q

ADH released in resp to

A

increased serum osmolarity, decreased blood volume

86
Q

ADH effect

A

increased water reabsorb in the kidneys

87
Q

ADH increase

A

SIADH, nephrogenic DI, tumor, severe phys stress, hypovolemia

88
Q

ADH decrease

A

central DI, tumor, CNS trauma/infection, ablated pituitary, hypervolemia

89
Q

oxytocin effect

A

milk letdown, uterine contractions

90
Q

order of pituitary loss function

A

GLFTAP (GH, LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin)

91
Q

T3/T4 effect

A

increase metab act, carotene into vit A, CNS development

92
Q

hyperthyroid TSH, T3/T4

A

dec TSH, inc T3/T4

93
Q

primary hypothyroid TSH, T3/T4

A

inc TSH, dec T3/T4

94
Q

secondary hypothyroid TSH, T3/T4

A

dec TSH, dec T3/T4

95
Q

increased T3

A

OCP, estrogen

96
Q

increased T4

A

Synthyroid

97
Q

decreased T3

A

steroids, ASA, phenytoin

98
Q

decreased T4

A

iodine deficiency

99
Q

PTH secreted in resp to

A

decreased Ca2+ or Mg2+

100
Q

PTH effect

A

release Ca from bone, increase Ca reabsorb in kidney, increase vit D product

101
Q

Increase PTH

A

primary hyperparathyroid, chronic renal failure, Ca malabsorb, vit D deficiency, drugs

102
Q

decreased PTH

A

hypoparathyroid, bone malignancy, drugs

103
Q

adrenal glands produce

A

cortex: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
medulla: amphetamines

104
Q

aldosterone secreted in resp to

A

decreased Na, decreased blood vol, increased K

105
Q

aldosterone effect

A

stimulate kidney to reabsorb Na, increase K excrete, involved in RAAS

106
Q

aldosterone increase

A

primary hyperaldo (adrenal adenoma), secondary hyperaldo (dec renal perfusion), drugs

107
Q

aldosterone decrease

A

steroids, renin deficiency, hypernat, hypokal, drugs, Addison dz

108
Q

epinephrine secreted in resp to

A

sympathetic stimulation, hypoglyc, hypotension

109
Q

norepinephrine secreted in resp to

A

sympathetic stimulation

110
Q

epinephrine effect

A

increase metab, inc HR, inc BP, inc glucose

111
Q

norepinephrine effect

A

decreased HR, inc BP

112
Q

IUD contraindic

A

pregnant, septic abortion, puerperal sepsis, postpartum endometriosis, uterine malformation, STD/PUD in last 3 mo, <4 wk postpartum, neoplasm
hormone only: migraine with FND, hx of VTE

113
Q

gestation sac criteria

A

major: >= 25 mm and embryo inside, round
minor: fundus, thick echogenic ring, double ring sign

114
Q

what eval on 2nd/3rd trimester scan

A

biparietal diameter
head circumference
femur length
abd circumference
amniotic fluid vol
fetal heart rate

115
Q

head circumference equation

A

1.57 (BPD * occipt-front diameter)

116
Q

best predic of growth restrict

A

abd circumference

117
Q

oligoamnio and polyamnio

A

oligo: <2
poly: >8

118
Q

breast US probe

A

high freq linear

119
Q

breast US benign

A

well defined, hypoechoic, wider>deep, post acoustic enhance, no power to center

120
Q

reassuring nonstress test

A

2+ FHR accelerations (15 bpm above baseline for 15+ seconds) in 20 mins

121
Q

early decelerations

A

nadir of FHR is at peak of contract
cause: fetal head compression

122
Q

variable decelerations

A

abrupt dec of FHR, not related to contraction
cause: umbilical cord compression

123
Q

late decelerations

A

grad dec of FHR, nadir is after peak compression
cause: uteroplacental deficiency

124
Q

cardinal tech of delivery

A

engage
descent
flexion
int rotate
extension
ext rotate
expulsion

125
Q

thoracostomy safe area

A

lateral edge of pec major, base of axilla, 5th IC space, lateral edge of lat dorssi

126
Q
A

PA2 (2 decks)

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