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OS Exam II > DSA: Thoracic And Lumbar Spine Mechanics > Flashcards

DSA: Thoracic And Lumbar Spine Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Curvatures associated with the 4 regions of the spine

A

Cervical lordosis

Thoracic kyphosis

Lumbar lordosis

Sacral kyphosis

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2
Q

Describe bodies of thoracic vertebrae T1-T12 in terms of size, shape, and any unique characteristics

A

Medium size

Heart shape

Costal facets

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3
Q

Describe spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae T1-T12

A

Long

Slope postero-inferiorly

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4
Q

Describe bodies of lumbar vertebrae L1-L5 in terms of size and shape

A

Large size

Kidney shape

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5
Q

Describe spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae L1-5

A

Short, broad

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6
Q

What are the 3 total components of a single vertebral unit?

A

2 adjacent vertebrae

Associated intervertebral disc

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7
Q

Describe the superior facet orientation of cervical vertebrae

A

Backwards
Upwards
Medial

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8
Q

Describe the superior facet orientation of thoracic vertebrae

A

Backwards
Upwards
Lateral

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9
Q

Describe the superior facet orientation of lumbar vertebrae

A

Backwards

Medial

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10
Q

What are the 5 ligaments associated with the spine?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Ligamentum flava

Interspinous ligaments

Intertransverse ligaments

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11
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Ligamentum flava

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12
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine connects adjoining spinous processes?

A

Interspinous ligaments

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13
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine consists of a strong, broad, fibrous band that covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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14
Q

The anterior longitudinal ligament limits what type of motion?

A

Extension

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15
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine consists of a narrower, somewhat weaker band that runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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16
Q

What type of motion is resisted by the posterior longitudinal ligament? What does this prevent?

A

Resists hyperflexion

Prevents posterior herniation of nucleus pulposus

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17
Q

Which ligament associated with the spine connects adjoining transverse processes?

A

Intertransverse ligaments

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18
Q

What additional ligament associated with the spine is also associated with the pelvis?

A

Iliolumbar ligament

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19
Q

What are the 4 transversospinalis muscles of the spine?

A

Semispinalis thoracis m.

Rotatores longus m.

Rotatores brevis m.

Multifidus m.

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20
Q

T/F: Rotatores longus m. and Rotatores brevis m. have the same origin, insertion, and action

A

True

Origin/insertion is T1-12 between transverse and spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

Action: bilaterally extends thoracic spine, unilaterally rotates thoracic spine to opposite side

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21
Q

What is the bilateral vs. unilateral action of rotatores longus m. and rotatores brevis m.?

A

Bilateral = extension of thoracic spine

Unilateral = rotation of thoracic spine to opposite side

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22
Q

Origin/insertion/innervation of multifidus m.

A

Origin: sacrum, ilium, mamillary processes of L1-5, transverse and articular processes of T1-4, C4-7

Insertion: superomedially to spinous processes, skipping to 2-4 vertebrae

Innervation: posterior rami of spinal nn.

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23
Q

Bilateral vs. unilateral actions of multifidus m.

A

Bilateral: extends spine

Unilateral: flexes spine to same side, rotates it to opposite side

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24
Q

3 divisions of semispinalis m.

A

Semispinalis capitis m.

Semispinalis cervicis m.

Semispinalis thoracis m.

25
Q

Origins of 3 divisions of semispinalis mm.

A

Semispinalis capitis m: transverse and articular processes of C4-T7

Semispinalis cervicis m: transverse processes of T1-6

Semispinalis thoracis m: transverse processes of T6-12

26
Q

Insertion of 3 divisions of semispinalis m.

A

Capitis: occipital bone between superior/inferior nuchal lines

Cervicis: spinous processes of C2-5

Thoracis: spinous processes of C6-T4

27
Q

Bilateral vs. unilateral actions of semispinalis m.

A

Bilateral: extends thoracic and cervical spines and head (stabilizes craniovertebral joints)

Unilateral: bends head, cervical and thoracic spines to same side, rotates to opposite side

28
Q

ROM for general vertebral flexion

A

40-90

29
Q

ROM for general vertebral extension

A

20-45

30
Q

ROM for general vertebral sidebending

A

15-30

31
Q

ROM for general vertebral rotation

A

3-8

32
Q

_________ ________ refers to consistent association of a motion along or about one axis, with another motion about or along a 2nd axis

A

Coupled motion

[the principle motion cannot be produced without the associated motion occurring as well]

33
Q

________ refers to the relationship of joint mechanics with surrounding structures; this concept contributes to an increased ROM that may occur between the shoulder and spine or the spine and hip

A

Linkage

34
Q

What effect does linkage have on joint assessment?

A

Specific joint assessment requires joint isolation for accurate measurement and evaluation

Functional assessment of a joint may assess linkage

Must note normal ROM vs. result of compensation d/t linkage

35
Q

What type of barrier is the limit of active motion?

A

Physiologic barrier

36
Q

What type of barrier is the limit of motion imposed by a structure as well as the limit of passive motion?

A

Anatomic barrier

37
Q

What type of barrier is the range between the physiologic and anatomic barriers in which passive ligamentous stretching occurs before tissue disruption?

A

Elastic barrier

38
Q

What type of barrier is the functional limit within the anatomic ROM which abnormally diminishes the normal physiologic range?

A

Restrictive barrier

39
Q

What are some physiological effects of spinal somatic dysfunction?

A

Reduction in efficiency

Impairment of fluid flow

Alterations in nerve function

Creation of stuctural imbalance

40
Q

Vertebral motion is always referenced to what surface of the vertebrae?

A

Anterior/superior

41
Q

Excessive motion (or restriction) is referred of the vertebra _________ in a functional vertebral unit

A

Above

[ex: excess motion of L2 is the motion of L2 on L3]

42
Q

Who described physiologic motion of the spine and published a set of 2 principles in 1918 referring to spinal motion?

A

Harrison Fryette, DO

[CR Nelson, DO developed the 3rd principle in 1948]

43
Q

Fryette: Type One Mechanics:

In the ________ range, sidebending and rotation are coupled in _________ directions. Rotation is towards the convexity of the spine. Tends to be in a ________ of vertebra.

A

Neutral
Opposite
Group

[Remember TONGO - Type One Neutral Group Opposite]

44
Q

Fryette Type Two Mechanics:

In sufficient __________ or ____________, sidebending and rotation are coupled in the __________ direction. Rotation is towards the concavity. Tends to be a ________ vertebra.

A

Flexion; extension

Same

Single

45
Q

In a person with cervical spine flexion somatic dysfunction, they prefer the motion of _________ and are restricted to __________

A

Flexion; extension

46
Q

In a left hip abduction somatic dysfunction, the patient prefers _________ and is restricted to _________

A

Abduction; adduction

47
Q

Describe a T1-3, N, S^R, R^L somatic dysfunction

A

T1-T3

Neutral position

Sidebent right (restricted to left sidebending)

Rotated left (restricted to right rotation)

48
Q

Name the somatic dysfunction in a patient at T9, non-neutral position, restriction to right sidebending, and rotated left

A

T9 F (or E) S^L R^L

49
Q

What is the 3rd Fryette principle?

A

Initiating movement of a vertebral segment in any plane of motion will modify the movement of that segment in other planes of motion

[states that if motion is restricted in one direction, motion will also be restricted in other directions, the same goes for improvement of motion]

50
Q

The first 2 Fryette’s principles only apply to what region(s) of the spine?

A

Thoracic and Lumbar only!

51
Q

Rotation occurs in what plane and around what axis?

A

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Superior-inferior axis

52
Q

Sidebending occurs in what plane and around what axis?

A

Coronal (frontal) plane

Anterior-posterior axis

53
Q

Flexion/extension occurs in what plane and around what axis?

A

Sagittal plane

Horizontal (left-right) axis

54
Q

If a physician pushes anteriorly on right transverse process, rotational movement will be induced in the ________ plane and the vertebra rotates ______

A

Transverse; left

55
Q

What are some equivalent ways of stating that the patient has a posterior transverse process on the right?

A 
Right PTP
Rotated right
Hard end feel with rotation to the left
Restricted in left rotation
Will not rotate left
Lives in right rotation
Held to the right
56
Q

What is the rule of 3’s as it applies to spinous processes?

A

T1-3 Spinous process loacted at the level of the corresponding transverse process

T4-6 Spinous process located 1/2 a segment below the corresponding transverse process

T7-9 Spinous process located at the level of transverse process of vertebrae one below

T10 = Same as T7-9
T11 = Same as T4-6
T12 = Same as T1-3
57
Q

What spinal landmarks are present at the level of the spine of the scapula?

A

T3 spinous process

T3 transverse process

58
Q

What spinal landmarks are present at the level of the inferior angle of the scapula?

A

Spinous process of T7

Transverse process of T8

59
Q

What spinal landmarks are present at the level of the iliac crest?

A

Level of L4 vertebra

OS Exam II (10 decks)

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