Drugs Used in the Treatment of Rhinitis and Rhinorrhoea Flashcards
what is rhinitis
involving acute, or chronic, inflammation of the nasal mucosa
what is rhinitis characterised by
- rhinorrohea
- sneezing
- itching
- nasal congestion and
- obstruction
Allergic Rhinitis can be classified as
seasonal (SAR)
perennial (PAR)
episodic (EAR)
what two things are strongly linked
allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma
Non-allergic rhinitis -
any rhinitis, acute, or chronic, that does not involve IgE–dependent events
causes of non-allergic Rhinitus
- infection
- hormonal imbalance
- vasomotor imbalance
- Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome
- medications
Occupational rhinitis may involve both
allergic and non-allergic components
how does both Rhinitus and rhinorrhoae effect blood
increased mucosal blood flow,
increased blood vessel permeability
- this can result in difficulty breathing
Targets in the Treatment of Rhinitis and Rhinorrhoea
- anti-inflammatory
- mediator receptor blockade
- nasal blood flow
-anti-allergic
glucocorticoids mechanism
reduce vascular permeability, recruitment and activity of inflammatory cells and the release of cytokines and mediators
application of glucocorticoids
- applied topically as a spray to the nasal mucosa
examples of glucocorticoids
beclometasone
fluticasone
prednisolone (oral)
anti-histamines mechanism
competitive antagonists that reduce effects of mast cell derived histamine including:
- vasodilatation and increased capillary permeability
- activation of sensory nerves
- mucus secretion from submucosal glands
Anti-Cholinergic Drugs (Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists) mechanism
ACh released from post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres activates muscarinic receptors on nasal glands causing a watery secretion that contributes to rhinorrhoea – blocked by muscarinic antagonists
Sodium Cromoglicate mechanism
purportedly mast cell stabilization, but this is uncertain
Vasoconstrictors mechanism
act as directly, or indirectly, to mimic the effect of noradrenaline. Produce vasoconstriction via activation of alpha1-adrenoceptors to decrease swelling in vascular mucosa
Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists mechanism
CysLT1 receptor antagonists reduce the effects of CysLTs upon the nasal mucosa
