Drugs used for Ophthalmology

Question 1

Timolol
Carteolol
Levobunolol
Metipranolol

Answer 1

Nonselective Beta-Blockers
First Line Agents for Treatment of POAG

MOA
Decreased Aqueous Humor Formation

A/E
Heart block, Bradycardia, Bronchospasm

Question 2

Betaxolol

Levobetaxolol

Answer 2

Selective Beta-Blockers
First Line Agents for Treatment of POAG

MOA
Decreased Aqueous Humor Formation

A/E
Heart block, Bradycardia, Hypotension

Question 3

Apraclonidine** (used only for short times)

Brimonidine

Answer 3

Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists
First Line Agents for Treatment of POAG

MOA
Increased Aqueous Humor Outflow

A/E
Headache, Dry mouth, Dry nose, Altered taste, Conjunctivitis, Lid reactions, Pruritis

Question 4

Latanoprost
Travoprost
Bimatoprost
Unoprostone

Answer 4

Prostaglandin Analogs (mostly PGF2α)
First Line Agents for Treatment of POAG

MOA
Increased Aqueous Humor Outflow

A/E
Heightened brown pigmentation of the iris and eyelid

Question 5

Cycloplegics

Mydriatics

Answer 5

Cycloplegics—paralyze ciliary muscles
Mydriatics—dilate the pupil
Uses
Intraocular examination
Intraocular surgery
Treatment of anterior uveitis

Question 6

Miotics :Dapiprazole

Answer 6

Miotics constrict pupil

Dapiprazole (Rev-Eyes) not in US

Question 7

Cromolyn sodium

Answer 7

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Mast-Cell Stabilizers

Question 8

Lodoxamide fumarate

Answer 8

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Mast-Cell Stabilizers

Question 9

Nedocromil sodium

Answer 9

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Mast-Cell Stabilizers

Question 10

Pemirolast potassium

Answer 10

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Mast-Cell Stabilizers

Question 11

Emedastine

Answer 11

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Histamine Receptor Blockers/Mast-Cell Stabilizers

Question 12

Azelastine

Answer 12

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Histamine Receptor Blockers/Mast-Cell Stabilizers

Question 13

Epinastine

Answer 13

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Histamine Receptor Blockers/Mast-Cell Stabilizers

Question 14

Ketotifen fumarate

Answer 14

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Histamine Receptor Blockers/Mast-Cell Stabilizers

Question 15

Olopatadine

Answer 15

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Histamine Receptor Blockers/Mast-Cell Stabilizers

Question 16

Ketorolac tromethamine

Answer 16

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

NSAIDs

Question 17

Loteprednol,
Dexamethasone,
Prednisolone

Answer 17

Glucocorticoids

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Question 18

Naphazoline (Clear Eyes®),
Oxymetazoline (Visine LR®),
Phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine®),
Tetrahydrozoline (Visine Moisturizing®)

Answer 18

Decongestants (Vasoconstrictors)

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Question 19

Naphazoline (Clear Eyes®),

Answer 19

Decongestants (Vasoconstrictors)

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Question 20

Oxymetazoline (Visine LR®),

Answer 20

Decongestants (Vasoconstrictors)

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Question 21

Phenylephrine (Neo-synephrine®),

Answer 21

Decongestants (Vasoconstrictors)

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Question 22

Tetrahydrozoline (Visine Moisturizing®)

Answer 22

Decongestants (Vasoconstrictors)

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Question 23

Naphazoline/pheniramine

Answer 23

Decongestant/Histamine Receptor Blocker

Drugs Used to Treat Allergic Conjunctivitis

Question 24

Angiogenesis inhibitors

Answer 24

Treatment of Neovascular (Wet)-ARMD

mainly target Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)

Question 25

Pegaptanib

Answer 25

Treatment of Neovascular (Wet)-ARMD Angiogenesis inhibitors (oligonucleotide directed toward VEGF)

Question 26

Bevacizumab

Answer 26

Treatment of Neovascular (Wet)-ARMD Angiogenesis inhibitors (monoclonal antibody to VEGF)

Question 27

Ranibizumab (fragment of bevacizumab)

Answer 27

Treatment of Neovascular (Wet)-ARMD Angiogenesis inhibitors (fragment of bevacizumab)

Question 28

Aflibercept (Eylea)

Answer 28

Treatment of Neovascular (Wet)-ARMD Angiogenesis inhibitors

Question 29

Demulcents (Artificial Tears)

Answer 29

Used to treat “dry eye” Contain polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose esters or both to serve as “wetting agents” Cyclosporine (Restasis®) to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (chronic dry eye)

Question 30

Fluorescein sodium | Fluorescein sodium with benoxinate

Answer 30

Diagnostic Dyes | Useful for assessing corneal scratches and foreign bodies

Question 31

Cyclosporine (Restasis®)

Answer 31

Demulcents (Artificial Tears) to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (chronic dry eye)

Question 32

proparacaine and tetracaine

Answer 32

Local Anesthetics Most common Other Agents Used in Ophthalmology

Question 33

Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin, Tobramycin) Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin) Macrolides (Erythromycin) Tetracycline Sulfonamides (Sulfacetamide, sulfisoxazole) Polypeptides (Polymyxin B) Inorganic Ions (Silver nitrate)

Answer 33

Antimicrobial Agents | Agents from several classes used to treat bacterial eye infections

Question 34

Natamycin (Natacyn®)

Answer 34

The antifungal agent, Natamycin (Natacyn®), is used to treat blepharitis, keratitis, or conjunctivitis caused by fungi

Question 35

trifluridine, vidarabine, ganciclovir and idoxuridine)

Answer 35

Antiviral agents are mainly used to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (chronic dry eye) of viral origin

Question 36

trifluridine

Answer 36

Antiviral agents are mainly used to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (chronic dry eye) of viral origin

Question 37

vidarabine

Answer 37

Antiviral agents are mainly used to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (chronic dry eye) of viral origin

Question 38

ganciclovir

Answer 38

Antiviral agents are mainly used to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (chronic dry eye) of viral origin

Question 39

idoxuridine

Answer 39

Antiviral agents are mainly used to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (chronic dry eye) of viral origin