Drugs & Psychopharm Flashcards
Blood brain barrier
Astrocytes and endothelial cells around the capillaries in the brain make up the BBB and cause these capillaries to be different than capillaries in the rest of the body
Psycho active drugs
Drugs that influence subjective experience and behavior by acting on the nervous system
Drug administration
Root of administration influences the rate at which and the degree to which the drug reaches its site of action
Ingestion
Oral route, easy and safe, Absorption be a digestive tract is unpredictable
Injection
Bypasses digestive tract
Injection – bypasses the digestive tract: subcutaneously
Under the skin
Injection – bypasses digestive tract: intramuscularly
Into large muscles
Injection – bypasses the digestive tract: intravenously
Into things; drug delivered directly to brain
Inhalation: tobacco and marijuana
Absorbed through capillaries in lungs
Absorption through mucous membranes
Nose, mouth, and rectum
Injecting a drug directly into the brain allows it to act quickly in – – – doses because there are no barriers
Low
Taking drugs Orally is the – –, – –, And most – – way to administer them
Safest, easiest and most convenient way
Drugs that are – – acids pass from the – into the bloodstream
Weak, stomach
Drugs that are week – – pass from the – to the bloodstream
Bases, intestines
Drugs injected into – – encounter more barriers than do drugs inhaled
Muscle
Drugs inhaled into the lungs encounter – barriers en route to the brain
Few
Drugs injectedinto the bloodstream encounter the – – barriers to the brain must be – –
Fewest, hydrophilic
Drugs contained in adhesive patches are absorbed through the – – and into the bloodstream
Skin
In order for a psychoactive drug to have an effect it must get to the – –; it must pass through the – –
Brain, blood brain barrier
Actions of most to drugs are terminated by enzymes in the - –: drug metabolism
Liver
For a drug to have the biggest effect on the brain when ingested by mouth, it must have certain chemical properties. It’s molecules should be:
Small in size Weekly acidic Water-soluble Potent in small amounts Not easily degraded
Drug tolerance shift in the dose response curve too – –
Curved to right
Cross tolerance:
Exposure to one drug can produce tolerance to similar drugs
InVerse tolerance:
Repeated use of some drugs can suddenly cause increased sensitivity to it, as the brain anticipates and enhances it’s effects.
Drug sensitization:
Increased effect of drug following repeated doses – the opposite of drug tolerance
Metabolic
Less drug is getting to the site of action
Functional:
Decreased responsiveness at the site of action you were receptors, decreased efficiency of binding at receptors, receptors less responsive
With drawl symptoms are the – of the drugs effects
Opposite
Contingent drug tolerance:
Tolerance only develops to drug effects that are experienced
Conditioned drug tolerance:
Maximum tolerance effects are seen in the environment in which a drug is usually taken
Conditioned withdrawal effects:
Withdrawl elicited by drug related cues
Alex are more likely to overdose know your surroundings: true or false?
True
Five commonly abused drugs:
Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, opiates
Tobacco is major psychoactive ingredient is:
Nicotine
About – – percent of those who experiment with smoking become addicted
70%
Me about 20% of attempts to quit are successful: true or false
True
Smokers are susceptible to lung disorders:
Pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer
Alcohol heritability estimate for alcohol addiction is about 50%: true or false
True
Alcohol – and – tolerance develops
Metabolic, functional
Severe withdrawal of alcohol in three phases: 5–6 hours after quitting drinking:
Tremors, nausea, sweating, vomiting, etc.
15 to 30 hours after quitting drinking:
Convolusive activity
24 to 48 hours after quitting drinking:
Delirium tremens; this me last 3 to 4 days
Korsakoff syndrome:
Chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine vitamin B – 1 (alcohol)
Confabulation:
Production of fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world without the conscious intention to deceive
Cirrhosis:
Chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells information and fibrous thickening of tissue (alcohol)
Marijuana – THC pill:
Marinol
Cocaine binges or sprees me lead to cocaine psychosis – looks like:
Paranoid schizophrenia
Treatment for heroin addiction is methadone it binds to:
Opiate receptors – produces less pleasure, administered orally, prevents withdrawal
– – And – – are associated with the greatest negative impact on public health
Alcohol and tobacco
Physical dependence hypothesis:
Suggest that habitual users experience psychological or physiological withdrawal symptoms and take the drug to eat alleviate them
Hedonic hypothesis:
Suggest that drug use continues because it produces pleasure
Incentive – sensitization theory:
Addiction is acquired through condition learning
Condition learning stage one, two, three:
Stage one – activation of pleasure due to taking drugs, stage two – through classical conditioning, stage III – contextual cues become highly desirable themselves and are sought after like incentives
Brain circuitry
Exists that reinforces behaviors, drug use may be reinforced by this circuity ***rat pressing a lever
The two pathways that are the reward system in dopamine are:
Nigrostriatal pathway and Mesocorticolimbic pathway
Mesocorticolimbic pathway:
Major reward pathway natural rewards, and addictive drugs
Condition place preference:
Lab animals choose to spend more time in cage compartments where drugs were administered than anywhere else
The nucleus accumbens appear to play a primary role in:
Dopamine, self stimulation studies
Initial drug taking:
Not everyone given access to a drug will consume it, and those who do will never take the drug more than once
Habitual drug taking:
Drug taking may become a matter of wanting rather than liking- incentive versus hedonic value
Drug craving and Addiction relapse:
Craving for many drugs increases over a period of abstinence
