Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HHD 2 > Drugs of Abuse > Flashcards

Drugs of Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the misuse of drugs act 1971?

A

graded to harmfulness attributable to a drug when it is misused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What class of drugs are deemed as the most dangerous?

A

class A drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give examples of class A drugs

A

Heroin
LSD
Ecstasy
Cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Give examples of class B drugs

A

cannabis
barbiturates
ketamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What class of drugs are supposedly the least harmful class of drugs ?

A

class C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give examples of class C drugs

A

benzodiazepines
buprenorphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the MOA of benzodiazepines?

A

the potentiate the inhibitory action of GABAa receptors
they are often used as sedatives
they do not have an effect on GABAb receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____% of drug related deaths occur in men

A

74%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____% of drug related deaths occur in women

A

26%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The 2001 amendment to the misuse of drugs regulations allows for …

A

lawful possession and supply of controlled (illegal) drugs for legitimate purposes. They cover
-prescribing
-administering
-safe custody
-dispensing
-record keeping
-disposal to prevent diversion for misuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the maximum penalty for possession of a class A drug?

A

7 years plus a fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the maximum penalty for possession of a class B drug?

A

5 years plus a fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the maximum penalty for possession of a class C drug?

A

2 years plus a fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the maximum penalty for supply of a class A drug?

A

Life + fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the maximum penalty for supply of a class B drug?

A

14 years + fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the maximum penalty for supply of a class C drug?

A

14 years + fine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the British Pharmacopoeia?

A

it is the only comprehensive collection of authoritative official standards for pharmaceutical substances and medicinal products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Illicit drugs are not pure, therefore they can contain…

A

contaminants
diluents
adulterants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a contaminant?

A

these are bi-products of the manufacturing process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an adulterant?

A

it is a pharmacologically active ingredient added to either give synergistic or antagonistic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are diluents?

A

they are inert substances added to bulk up the drug, decreasing the amount of active ingredient in the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give examples of adulterants used in the 80s

A

sugar alcohols
mannitol
sorbitol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give examples of adulterants used in the 2000s

A

Local anaesthetics
Benzocaine
Lidocaine

They have a numbing effect on the gums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is dependence?

A

this is a state in which withdrawal of the drug can cause adverse physiological effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Physical dependence often leads to …

A

withdrawal syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Psychological dependence often leads to…

A

cravings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What class of drug causes the most dependence?

A

class A drugs which can lead to physical harm

class B drugs have intermediate effect on dependence
class C drugs have the lowest effect on dependence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the effects of psychomotor stimulants?

A

marked effect on mental function and behaviour
produce excitement, euphoria
produces reduced sensation of fatigue
increases motor activity
some can enhance cognitive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the effects of psychomimetic drugs?

A

they mainly affect thought pattern and perception
they distort cognition in a complex way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give examples of psychomotor stimulants

A

Amphetamine (A)- ?? MDMA-is an analogue of amphetamines therefore it is a powerful pscyhomotor stimulant
Cocaine (A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cannabis is a psychomimetic and a __________.

A

psychomotor depressant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Give examples of psyhomimetic drugs

A

Ecstasy (A)
Ketamine (B)
LSD (A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cannabis originates from the plant…

A

cannabis sativa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Give slang terms for cannabis

A

weed
herb
pot
grass
bud
ganja

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a spliff/joint of cannabis?

A

a rolled cannabis cigaretted; smoked with tobacco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is hashish/hash?

A

a black/brown lump made from the plant resin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is skunk?

A

they are more potent forms of cannabis, contain more THC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are synthetic cannaboids?

A

they are so-called “legal highs”; they act like THC but are often more potent
they have not been banned undet the psychoactive substances act in 2016

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the main psychoactive component in cannabis?

A

THC
TetraHydrocannabinol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are cannabinoids?

A

There are related compounds that bind to cannabinoid receptors and have similar effect to those produced by cannabis sativa plant

they are a group of compounds that are found in the cannabis plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the first cannabis-based medicine to be licensed in the UK?

A

Sativex
Nabiximols (US approved name)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In Wales (from 2014), Sativex is NHS funded. True or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sativex is NHS funded in England. True or false

A

False
postcode lottery; depends on whee you reside?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are cannabis extracts?

A

there are wide range of products generally containing higher levels of cannabinoids than are found in the cannabis plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Sativex exists in the form of a …

A

oromucosal spray
cannabis extract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the composition of Sativex (oromucosal spray)?

A

approximate 1:1 ratio of two active cannabinoids
cannabidiol 2.5mg per 1 dose
Dronabinol 2.7mg per 1 dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a pure isomer of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) ?

A

Dronabinol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

In the BNF, Sativex is listed for specialist use only. What can Sativex be used for?

A

used as an adjunct in moderate to severe spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How is Sativex adminisetered?

A

buccal administration
(oromucosal spray)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is spasticity?

A

a symptom of MS
muscles feel stiff, heavy and difficult to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the potential applications of cannbinoid agonists?

A

Glaucoma to release pressure in eye
Nausea/vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy
cancer and aids in relation to weight loss
neuopathic pain
head injurt
tourettes syndrome to reduce tics
paskinsons disease to reduce levo-dopa induced involuntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the potential applications of cannabinoid antagonists?

A

obesityy
tobacco dependence
drug addition
alcoholism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cannabinoids act via which receptor?

A

cannabinoid receptors
GPCRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

CB1 (cannbinoid 1) receptors are expressed in … and have ______ effects

A

the CNS ( in the plasma membrane of nerve terminals)
Psychoactive effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where are CB2 cannaninoid receptors expressed ?

A

they are expressed mainly in the periphery- lymphoid, microglia of CNS
expressed in immune system and haematopoietic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the MOA of cannabinois?

A

they inhibit adenylate cyclase and calcium channels
they activate potassium channels
they therefore inhibit synaptic transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Endogenous ligands of CB receptors (endocannbinoids) include: (name the two)

A

anandamide
2-arachidonoyl glycerol

they have distinct receptor selectivities (selective to either CB1/CB2 receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the function of endocannabinoids?

A

they have neuromodulatory actions in a wide range of physiological activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the problem with synthetic cannbinoids such as “spice” as opposed to THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) from cannabis ?

A

synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists of the CB1 receptor
THC from cannabis is a partial agonist
Thus the adverse effects from synthetic cannabinoids are more as they have a greater effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are side effects of synthetic cannabinoids?

A

hypertension
tachycardia
MI
vomiting
hallucinations
psychosis
convulsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Psychosis induced by synthetic cannabinoids can remain after cessation of use. True or false

A

True
(from weeks to months)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Withdrawal symptoms from synthetic cannabinoids are not possible. True or false

A

They are possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Give an example of a synthetic cannabinoid

A

CBH
CannaBicycloHexanol

64
Q

THC action mainly on the CNS is a mixture of…

A

psychomimetic and depressant effects
centrally mediated autonomic effects

65
Q

What are the two major sensory effects of THC (stoned/high)?

A

sensation of relaxation and wellbeing; it is like alcohol without associated aggression and recklessness

sharpened sensory awareness (sounds and sight becomes more intense)

66
Q

THC is similar to but _____ pronounced than psychomimetic drugs (LSD, ecstacy, ketamine). Give examples of this

A

less pronounced
Time passes more slowly
hallucinations are less pronounced
paranoid delusions and alarming sensations are unlikely

67
Q

What are the central effects of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) ?

A

impairment of short-term memory and simple learning tasks
impairment of motor coordination (e.g. driving affected)
catalepsy- trance like state marked by loss of voluntary motion
hypothermia
analgesia
anti-emetic action (vomiting)
increased appetite

68
Q

What are the peripheral effects of THC

A

Eyes: reddening, decrease in intraocular pressure (vasodilation)
Mouth (dryness)
Skin (sensation of heat or cold)
Heart (increased heart rate)
Muscles (relaxation)
Bloodvessels (vasodilation; hence reddening of eye)
Lung (bronchodilation)

69
Q

Low dose THC and synthetic derivatives can produce…

A

euphoria and drowsiness
sometimes causes sensory distortion and hallucinations

70
Q

Although THC is relatively safe in overdose, what are the effects of a THC overdose?

A

drowsiness and confusion
non life threatening respiratory or cardiovascular depression

71
Q

Tolerance can occur heavy users of cannabis. What is tolerance?

A

this is when the user is having to take more and more to get the same effect

72
Q

Heavy users can suffer from mild withdrawal syndrome. What symptoms may they experience?

A

nausea
agitation
irritability
confusion
tachycardia
sweating

73
Q

Studies have revealed a link between long-term previous cannabis use and mental illness. What mental health disorders are associated with cannabis use?

A

depression
psychosis

74
Q

There is evidence that cannabis use from teenage years can increase the risk of developing a psychotic illness. Give examples of psychotic illnesses that can be developed

A

Schizophrenia
bipolar disorder

75
Q

LSD is a potent psychomimetic drug, what does it stand for?

A

LySergic acid Diethylamide

76
Q

How is LSD manufactured?

A

LSD is manufactured from lysergic acid which occurs naturally on the ergot fungus which grows on wheat and rye

77
Q

What is the mechanism of action of LSD?

A

5-HT(2A) receptor agonist of inhibitory autoreceptors
inhibits firing of 5-HT (serotonin) containing neurones in raphe nuclei

78
Q

What are the pharmacological effects of LSD?

A

altered perception: sights and sounds appear distorted and fantastic
illogical and disconnected though
retain insight that changes are drug-induced (outside observer)
frightening hallucinations and delusions
bad trip- disturbing hallucination; menacing if user is already anxious, flashback after long intervals (weeks or months)

79
Q

The tolerance to the effects develop quickly in LSD. True or false

A

True
having to take more and more for the same effect

80
Q

Is there a physical dependence on LSD?

A

No
No withdrawal syndrome

81
Q

What is physical dependence?

A

this is a condition in which a person takes a drug over time and unpleasant physical symptoms occur if the drug is suddenly stopped or taken in smaller doses

82
Q

LSD has few physiological effects. True or false

A

True
so things like respiratory depression, vasodilation etc

83
Q

Ecstacy, also known as MDMA stands for …

A

3,4-MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine

84
Q

MDMA is an _____________ analogue

A

amphetamine

85
Q

What are the characteristic of Ecstasy?

A

powerful psychostimulant
mild psychomimetic

86
Q

What is a psychomimetic drug?

A

these are drugs that produce symptoms like those of psychosis; hallucinatory
Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder

87
Q

MDMA is widely used as a party drug due to the following effects

A

Euphoria
loss of inhibitoons
induces energy surge
mildly hallucinogenic effects (mild psychomimetic)
feelings of empathy and emotional closeness

88
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Ecstasy?

A

They inhibit monoamine transporters and depletes vesicles in pressynaptic bulb ?
Therefore there is an increase in monoamines (5HT, DA, NE) in the synaptic cleft

89
Q

Ecstasy has a greater effect on which monoamine?

A

5-HT
5-HT>DA=NE

90
Q

What are the pharmacological effect of ecstasy?

A

Euphoria
feel special
empathy
mild hallucinations
enhanced sensations
suppressed fatigue

Tachycardia
tremor
dilated pupils
hyperthermia
suppressed appetite

91
Q

User of MDMA are subject to ________.

A

After effects
persists for a few days

92
Q

What are the after effects of MDMA ?

A

Lack of energy
panic
depression
anxiety
lack of concentration
increased aggression- the mid week blues

93
Q

At a party, use of ecstasy can cause hyperthermia which is exarcebated by … which leads to _________.

A

energetic dancing
(loss of sweat)
leads to dehydration

94
Q

Ecstasy induced dehydration can cause…

A

excess water intake (hyponatraemia- more Na+)
water retention (increased ADH) for reabsorption of water from collecting ducts

brain swelling seizures
hypertension/ stroke due to increased blood volume

95
Q

What are the oral health implications of ecstasy use?

A

-dry mouth (experienced by 93-99% of users and can persist for up to 48 hours after consumption)
-tooth decay (to relieve dehydration, excessive consumption of sugar containing acidic drinks) - tooth erosion
-bruxism (reported jaw clenching and grinding of teeth during MDMA use 50-89% which can persist for 48hours, leads to wearing down of teeth
-mouth ulcers (in 8% of users within 24-48 hours)

96
Q

A rare oral health complication of ecstasy use includes…

A

necrotising gingivitis related to use of ecstasy

97
Q

Ketamine replaced its analogue ___________. What was the reason for this?

A

PCP- Phencyclindine
This is because it was a better tolerated anaesthetic

98
Q

Ketamine is also referred to as …

A

Special K

99
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP) is also referred to as …

A

Angel dust

100
Q

Ketamine and PCP are both…

A

Intravenous anaesthetics

101
Q

Both Ketamine and PCP act as …

A

NMDA receptor antagonists
inhibit excitatory mechanism induced by glutamate

102
Q

Ketamine and PCP can be used as dissociative anaesthetia. What is the meaning of this?

A

dissociative anaesthesia is a form of general anaesthesia
they provide analgesia but not necessarily complete unconsciousness

catalepsy (a trance like state)

catatonia- they are unresponsive to external stimuli

Amnesia- causes memory loss during the procedure

103
Q

PCP was a popular hallucinogen in the 70s. What are the effects of PCP?

A

produces a feeling of euphoria
At high doses:
-hallucinations
-feeling of detachment
-disorientation
-delirium
-numbness
-psychotoc episodes (long term use can cause schizophrenia)

104
Q

What are the effects of ketamine?

A

produces a feeling of euphoria
At high doses:
-hallucinations
-feeling of detachment
-disorientation
-delirium
-numbness
-psychotoc episodes (long term use can cause schizophrenia)

105
Q

Ketamine is a useful anaesthetic in the the developing world. Why is this?

A

It is injectable thus it can be used in rural areas where anaesthetic gases are unavailable

106
Q

What are the adverse effects of ketamine?

A

Tolerance develops quickly (more and more of the drug is required to produce the same effect)
Repeated use is associated with serious toxic effects
-abdominal pain
-liver damage
-cognitive impairment
-ulcerative cystitis (damage to bladder and associated bladder pain)

107
Q

Ketamine has a dangerous overdose if combined with other drugs of abuse. True or false

A

True

108
Q

Drugs of abuse include:

A

psychotomimetic drugs
Psychomotor stimulants (amphetamine - MDMA derived from amphetamines)

MDMA is a mild psychotomimetic but a psychomotor stimulant

psychomotor stimulants - amphetamine, cocaine
increased motor activity, euphoria, reduced sensation of fatigue

109
Q

Amphetamine is what kind of drug of abuse?

A

Pschomotor stimulant

110
Q

DL-amphetamine also referred to as speed, billy whizz belongs to what class of drugs?

A

class B

111
Q

Methamphetamine is also known as …

A

crystal meth

112
Q

Crystal meth belongs to what class of drugs ?

A

class A

113
Q

Methylphenidate also known as Ritalin is a class _____ drug

A

class B

114
Q

What is the clinical use of methylphenidate(ritalin)?

A

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)
nacrolepsy (rare sleep disorder)

115
Q

What is the MOA of amphetamines?

A

amphetamines act by releasing monoamines from nerve terminals of the brain

They increase monoamines in the synaptic cleft

They also act as substrates for neuronal monoamine uptake transporters (DAT and NET, not SERT); this competitive inhibition reduces DA and NE vesicle uptake

they inhibit the monoamine pump VMAT-2

they displace endogenous monoamine into cytoplasma

at higher concentrations the inhibit MAO, further increasing cytoplasmic monoamines

116
Q

What neurotransmitter is most affected by the action of amphetamines ?

A

Dopamine
DA>NE>5-HT in the synamptoc cleft

117
Q

What NT is affected by a lesser extent by amphetamines?

A

serotonin
5-HT

118
Q

What is the function of VMAT?

A

mediates the packaging of monoamines from neuronal cytoplasmic into presynaptic vesicles

it is a vesicular monoamine pump

119
Q

What are the main central effects of amphetamines?

A

increased motor activity
euphoria or excitement
insomnia
anorexia
increased libido (unsafe sex, lower inhibitions)
fatigue is reduced (mental and physical)

120
Q

What are the adverse effects of long term/large doses of amphetamines

A

psychotic symptoms
anxiety and depression
cognitive impairment
irritability and restlessness
panic and paranoia
muscle breakdown

121
Q

When amphetamine is taken repeatedly over a few days what is developed ?

A

amphetamine psychosis
-acute schizophrenia attack
-hallucinations, paranoia and aggressive behaviour

122
Q

When amphetamines are sopped after stopping taking them repeatedly what occurs?

A

deep sleep
lethargic
depressed
anxious (even suicidal)
hungry

123
Q

Tolerance to ________ and _________ develop quickly with amphetamine abuse

A

tolerance to euphoric and anorexic effects develop quickly (more needed to see these effects)

124
Q

There is a peripheral sympathomimetic action in amphetamines, briefly state what theres effects are

A

rise in blood pressure
inhibition of GI motility

125
Q

What kind of dependence is developed when taking amphetamines?

A

strong psychological dependence to memory of euphoria

126
Q

Meth mouth describes…

A

teeth that are blackened, rotting and falling apart

127
Q

Tooth decay in crystal meth abusers are caused by a combination of drug induced effects. Name them.

A

Psychological- poor oral hygiene
Physiological- dry mouth
Biochemical- crystal meth is acidic

128
Q

The high from methamphetamines can last up to 12 hours, what is the implication of this on dental health?

A

long periods of poor oral hygiene
consumption of many carbonated, sugar drinks to combat dehydration
grinding teeth (bruxism) and jaw clenching which can lead to tooth wear

these are all also observed with MDMA (Ecstasy users)
MDMA is an analogue of amphetamines

129
Q

What is cocaine?

A

naturally occurring local anaesthetic (coca leaves)

130
Q

William Halsted (1884) first injected cocaine to perform a ___________

A

peripheral nerve block

131
Q

Cocaine has a _______ therapeutic agent. What is the implication of this

A

low therapeutic index
only a small difference between the minimum effective concentrations and minimum toxic concentration in the blood

132
Q

“Crack” cocaine free-base form vaporises at ______ degree celsius

A

90
therefore it can be smoke

133
Q

Crack cocaine has a strong ____________ dependence

A

psychological
occasional use>escalating doses>compulsive binges
crave drugs euphoric and stimulatory effects (psychostimulant)

134
Q

What is the most addictive and most harmful drug of abuse?

A

heroin

135
Q

What is the second most addictive and harmful drug of abuse?

A

cocaine

136
Q

What is the mechanism of action and thus the effect of cocaine?

A

binds to and inhibits monoamine uptake transport
DAT, NET, SERT
This increases the monoamines in the synaptic cleft

Produces a marked psychomotor effect
enhanced peripheral effects of sympathetic nerve activity

137
Q

Cocaine affects which monoamine uptake transporter the most ?

A

DA
DA>NE>5-HT

138
Q

What is the effect of a cocaine overdose of respiratory system?

A

respiratory depression
respitatory failure
cyanosis
gross pulmonary oedema

139
Q

What is the effect of cocaine on body temperature?

A

hyperthermia

140
Q

What is the effect of cocaine overdose on CNS?

A

generalised convulsions
cerebral infarction and haemorrhage
pupils fixed and dialated
flaccid paralysis
coma
CNS depression

141
Q

What is the effect of a cocaine overdose on CVS?

A

aortic dissection
MI
cardiac arrest

142
Q

What are the short term effects of cocaine on the CNS?

A

mydriasis (dilated pupils)
headache
nausea
muscle tremors
twitching
pseudohallucinations (cocaine bugs)

143
Q

What are the short term effects of cocaine on the CVS?

A

vasoconstriction
hypertension
tachycardia
pallor

144
Q

What are the short term effects of cocaine on the respiratory system?

A

increased breathing rate and depth

145
Q

What are the short term effects of cocaine on behaviour?

A

euphoria
elation
excitation
garrulousness (excessive talking)
alert
energetic
strong
paranoia

146
Q

What are the long term effects of cocaine on CNS?

A

generalised seizures
gross muscle tremors
hallucinations
increased deep tendon reflexes
incontinence

147
Q

What are the long term effect of cocaine on CVS?

A

hypertension
tachycardia
cardiac dysrhythmias
peripheral cyanosois

148
Q

What are the long term effects of cocaine on respiratory system?

A

abnormal breathing (tachypnoea- increase breathing rate)
shortness of breath/gasping(dyspnea)
irregular breathing pattern

149
Q

What are the long term effect of cocaine on behaviour?

A

social maladjustment
paranoia
depression
agitation
difficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control
violent or suicidal tendencies

150
Q

What is the effect of cocaine overdose on behaviour ?

A

death

151
Q

Briefly discuss dental implications of cocaine

A

rub cocaine on gums - lead to ulceration and exposure of underlying bone
mixed with saliva creates acidic solution- erodes enamel, exposes dentine , can cause decay
dry mouth, increased risk of tooth decay
tooth wear- bruxism

152
Q

Briefly discuss dental implications of cannabis

A

dry mouth, increased risk of gum problems
cannabis smoke can cause oral cancer

153
Q

Briefly discuss dental implications of ecstasy (MDMA)

A

tooth grinding
jaw clenching
dry mouth

154
Q

Briefly discuss dental implications of heroin

A

crave sweet foods, increase risk of tooth decay if dental hygiene is neglected
causes dry mouth and tooth grinding

155
Q

Briefly discuss dental implications of crystal meth

A

methamphetamine (similar to MDMA) BUT WORSE
severe tooth decay in a very short time, meth mouth by dental professionals
highly acidic and attacks tooth enamel
dry mouth, teeth grinding and jaw clenching

HHD 2 (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions