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Human Disease and Therapeutics > Drugs - Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Drugs - Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Tamoxifen

A
  • partial estrogen antagonist
  • blocks the actions of estrogen in the breast
  • used to treat breast cancers
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2
Q

Mifepristone

A
  • morning-after contraception
  • blocks progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors (99% effective if used within 3 days)
  • prevents implantation of the fetus
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3
Q

Danazol

A
  • suppresses ovarian function

- has a masculinizing effect

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4
Q

Clomiphene

A
  • “Clomid”
  • partial estrogen agonist
  • ovulation-inducing
  • promotes fertilization and pregnancy
  • increased risk of multiple births (twins)
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5
Q

ketoconazole

A
  • antifungal drug
  • inhibits steroid synthesis
  • used to treat prostate carcinoma in males
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6
Q

oxytocin

A
  • induces/augments labor
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7
Q

metoclopramide

A
  • dopamine D2 receptor antagonist that stimulates prolactin and lactation
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8
Q

aspirin

A
  • NSAID

- non selective COX 1/2 inhibitor

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9
Q

ibuprofen

A
  • NSAID

- non selective COX 1/2 inhibitor

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10
Q

naproxen

A
  • NSAID

- non selective COX 1/2 inhibitor

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11
Q

celecoxib

A
  • NSAID

- selective COX 2 inhibitor

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12
Q

adverse effects of all NSAIDs

A
  • CNS (tinnitus)
  • CVS (hypertension)
  • GI (nausea, ulcers, bleeding)
  • Hepatic (altered liver functions)
  • Pulmonary (asthma)
  • Skin (rashes)
  • Renal (insufficiency, and failure in sever cases)
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13
Q

uses of NSAIDs

A
  • decrease pain and inflammation
  • COX 1 inhibition (GI, bleeding, and kidney side effects)
  • COX 2 inhibition (MI, stroke, and hypertension side effects)
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14
Q

uses and side effects of glucocorticoids

A
  • rapidly acting, dramatic effect on inflammation, slows bone erosions, and treats rheumatoid arthritis
  • side effects: loss of muscle mass, osteoporosis, diabetogenesis, peptic ulcers, round face, buffalo hump
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15
Q

dexamethasone

A
  • glucocorticoid (long acting)
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16
Q

cortisone

A
  • short to medium acting glucocorticoid
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17
Q

prednisone

A
  • short to medium acting glucocorticoid
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18
Q

uses and side effects of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)

A
  • decrease inflammation and slow bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis
  • potentially more toxic than other options
  • sever hepatotoxicity
  • stomatitis
  • immunosuppression
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19
Q

methotrexate

A
  • DMARD
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20
Q

sulfasalazine

A
  • DMARD
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21
Q

etanercept

A
  • DMARD
  • anti-rheumatic/anti-autoimmune disease
  • inhibits inflammation by blocking TNF
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22
Q

infliximab

A
  • DMARD
  • antibody that blocks TNF
  • used to treat inflammatory diseases
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23
Q

salicylic acid (for acne)

A
  • topical keratolytic
  • removes keratin layer and opens sebaceous glands
  • can be used as wart removers
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24
Q

benzoyl peroxide

A
  • topical keratolytic
  • removes keratin layer and opens sebaceous glands
  • can be used as wart removers
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25
Q

erythromycin

A
  • antibiotic
  • used for acne; eliminates the bacteria that cause the infection and inflammation associated with acne
  • can be topical or systemic; drugs concentrate in the skin
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26
Q

tetracycline

A
  • antibiotic
  • used for acne; eliminates the bacteria that cause the infection and inflammation associated with acne
  • can be topical or systemic; drugs concentrate in the skin
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27
Q

clindamycin

A
  • antibiotic
  • used for acne; eliminates the bacteria that cause the infection and inflammation associated with acne
  • can be topical or systemic; drugs concentrate in the skin
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28
Q

Retinoids

A
  • Vitamin A derivatives

- side effects: dry skin, sores

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29
Q

Tretinoin

A
  • topical retin A

- Vitamin A derivative

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30
Q

isotretinoin

A
  • “Accutane”
  • systemic
  • side effects: dry skin, sores, major birth defects**
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31
Q

non-drug treatments for acne

A
  • UV phototherapy (acne-causing bacteria are photosensitive)
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32
Q

Antispasmolytics

A
  • muscle relaxants
  • reduce muscle stretch reflex
  • enhance levels of inhibition, usually via GABA systems in CNS
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33
Q

Diazepam

A
  • can be used as a muscle relaxant
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34
Q

Baclofen

A
  • muscle relaxant

- GABA B agonist

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35
Q

Dantrolene

A
  • muscle relaxant

- affects Ca2+ trafficking

36
Q

Carisoprodol

A
  • “Soma”
  • muscle relaxant/sedative
  • may have some dependence problems
37
Q

D-turbocurarine

A
  • non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
  • blocks ganglionic nicotinic receptor
  • reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
38
Q

succinylcholine

A
  • depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
  • blocks ganglionic nicotinic receptors by desensitizing/overstimulating them?
  • fast acting (get an initial twitch before paralysis
  • NOT reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
39
Q

acyclovir

A
  • “Zovirax”, “Denavir” ointments
  • viral thymidine kinase-dependent medication (some viruses are becoming resistant)
  • most effective for HSV 1 and 2
  • less effective for VZV
  • most effective if used early in infection
  • some topical forms available
40
Q

famciclovir

A
  • effective against VZV virus and shingles, also for herpes viruses
  • longer acting than acyclovir
  • most effective if used early in infection
41
Q

foscarnet

A
  • non-thymidine kinase dependent (less resistance issues)
42
Q

magnesium salts

A
  • antacid (neutralizes gastric HCl)

- can cause diarrhea

43
Q

bicarbonate

A
  • antacid

- can cause gas

44
Q

calcium carbonate

A
  • antacid
  • can cause constipation
  • is chalky
45
Q

aluminum salts

A
  • antacid

- not very effective

46
Q

H2 receptor blockers

A
  • not effective at H1 receptors

- reduce gastric secretions

47
Q

Cimetidine

A
  • “Tagamet”
  • H2 blocker
  • tx of GERD
48
Q

Ranitidine

A
  • “Zantac”
  • H2 blocker
  • tx of GERD
49
Q

Famotidine

A
  • Pepcid
  • H2 blocker
  • tx of GERD
50
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

A
  • disrupts hydrogen exchange for potassium in gastric parietal cells which blocks the production and release of HCl into the gut
  • side effects: diarrhea, interferes with digestion, increases food allergies, oral sores/ulcers
  • often combined with H2 blockers or with antacids
51
Q

Omeprazole

A
  • “Prilosec”

- proton pump inhibitor

52
Q

Lansoprazole

A
  • “Prevocid”

- proton pump inhibitor

53
Q

Esomeprazole

A
  • “Nexium”

- proton pump inhibitor

54
Q

Prevpac

A
  • combination of lansoprazole (PPI) and antibiotics (amoxicillin and clarithromycin)
  • used to treat peptic ulcer disease caused by H. pylori infection
55
Q

Milk of Magnesium

A
  • can kill H. pylori and be used to treat corresponding peptic ulcer disease
56
Q

bisacodyl

A
  • laxative (tx of constipation)
  • stimulant of smooth muscles in the gut (can cause cramps)
  • fast acting
  • OTC
  • suppository or oral administraitons
57
Q

docusate

A
  • causes more water retention in the stool (softens the stool)
  • OTC (“Dulcolax”)
58
Q

loperamine

A
  • “Immodium”
  • tx of diarrhea
  • mild opioid agonist
59
Q

bismuth subsalicylate

A
  • “Pepto-bismol”

- tx of diarrhea

60
Q

atropine (for GI issues)

A
  • tx of diarrhea

- anti-cholinergic that slows intestinal motility

61
Q

linaclotide

A
  • “linzess”
  • only FDA approved drug for treatment of IBS with constipation
  • guanylate cyclase C agonist that cuases increased bowel movement and fluid secretion to reduce pain
  • side effects: diarrhea and gas
62
Q

mesalamine

A
  • topical anti-inflammatory for treatment of IBD (i.e. Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis)
  • corticosteroids may be used systemically to treat IBD
63
Q

metronidazole (for GI issues)

A
  • used to treat Crohn’s disease/IBD/ulcerative colitis

- may have a mechanism that affects the flora of the gut

64
Q

pilocarpine

A
  • cholinomimetic drug that causes contraction of the ciliary muscle of the eye
  • increases outflow of aqueous humor (tx of glaucoma)
65
Q

timolol

A
  • beta blocker

- decreases aqueous humor production (tx of glaucoma)

66
Q

lantanoprost

A
  • prostaglandin

- increases outflow of aqueous humor (tx of glaucoma)

67
Q

epinephrine

A
  • alpha agonist

- increases outflow and decreases production of aqueous humor (tx of glaucoma)

68
Q

acetazolamide

A
  • carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

- reduces the secretion of aqueous humor (tx of glaucoma)

69
Q

pharmacological options of macular degeneration

A
  • vit. C or zinc oxide (antioxidants)

- benefit is minimal

70
Q

meclizine

A
  • “Antivert”
  • H1 blocker, anti-cholinergic activity, CNS depressant
  • anti-motion sickness medication used in tx of Meniere’s disease
  • can cause xerostomia
71
Q

diazepam

A
  • anxiolytic
72
Q

promethazine

A
  • H1 blocker, anti-cholinergic
  • anti-nausea, anti-motion sickness
  • can cause xerostomia
73
Q

dexamethasone (for ear issues)

A
  • tx of Meniere’s disease

- long-acting steroid

74
Q

hydrochlorthiazide

A
  • diuretic
  • regulates fluid volume and pressure in the inner ear
  • tx of Meniere’s disease
75
Q

treatment of otitis media

A
  • antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, or ceftriaxone)
76
Q

cyclophosphamides

A
  • alkylating agents used to treat cancers
  • used to treat lymphomas (Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s), leukemias, breast cancers, and multiple myeloma
  • causes alkylations of the DNA
  • adverse effects: nausea/vomiting, damage to rapidly growing tissues (bone marrow, GI tract, oral mucosa), carcinogenic in nature
77
Q

Procarbazine

A
  • nitrosurea (the metabolites are alkylating agents)
  • highly lipophilic (can cross the BBB)
  • used with Decarbazine to treat Hodgkin’s lymphoma
78
Q

Decarbazine

A
  • nitrosurea (the metabolites are alkylating agents)
  • highly lipophilic (can cross the BBB)
  • tx of melanomas, lymphomas, and soft tissue sarcomas
79
Q

Cisplatin

A
  • platinum analog for tx of cancers

- used for a broad range of solid tumors

80
Q

Methotrexate

A
  • antimetabolite used to treat cancers and rheumatoid arthritis
  • folic acid analog (interferes with formation of DNA and key proteins; inhibits tetrahydrofolate
  • tx of head and neck cancers, breast cancer
  • can cause mucositis and diarrhea
81
Q

5-fluorouracil

A
  • antimetabolite used to treat cancers (head, neck and GI cancers; also good for basal cell carcinoma)
  • inhibits thymidine synthesis
82
Q

Vinblastine or Vincristine

A
  • vinca alkaloids (natural chemotherapeutic agents)
  • inhibits tubulin polymerization to inhibit cell division –> tumor cells die
  • toxicities: mucositis and alopecia
83
Q

Etoposide

A
  • semisynthetic chemotherapeutic agent from the mandrake plant
  • inhibits topoisomerase II which interferes with DNA structuring
84
Q

doxorubicin or bleomycin

A
  • anthacyclines (anti-tumor antibiotics)

- used to treat breast cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma

85
Q

Erlotineb

A
  • antagonize epidermal growth factor receptors

- tx of cancer

86
Q

Imatinib

A
  • “Gleevac”
  • inhibits oncogenes
  • blocks a form of tyrosine kinase enzyme
  • tx of chronic myeloid leukemia
  • “great story”

Human Disease and Therapeutics (11 decks)

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