Drugs - Infection Flashcards
Penicillin
Inhibit the formation of crosslinks between peptidoglycans in the cell wall, breaking the cell wall down, inducing cytolysis
Uses: Staphylococci, Streptococci (G+)
ADRs: Allergy, diarrhoea, nausea, rash, superinfection
Amoxicillin/Co-amoxiclav
Aminopenicillin
Same mechanism as penicillin, Clavulanic acid may be added (B-lactamase inhibitor) to prevent breakdown
Uses: G+ (staph, strep spp) and some G- (E. coliu, H. influ, Nesseria gon) commonly in ENT, genitourinary or skin infections
ADRs: Nausea, vomiting, rashes, diarrhoea
Cefaclor
2nd Gen. Cephlasporin
Mechanism same as Penicillin (B-lactam)
Uses: G+ Staph (coagulase +/-) and strep (alpha/beta haemolytic)
Ceftriaxone/Cefotaxime
3rd Gen. Cephalosporin
B-lactam antibiotic
Uses: G+/- (staph aureus, strep pneumoniae, E. coli, H. influenzae, N. gonnorhoea/meningitidis, Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp)
ADRs: Hypersensitivity, pain + inflammation at site of injection, rash, fever, diarrhoea, nausea
Tetracycline
Tetracycline antibiotic
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30s subunit of the bacterial ribosome
Uses: obligate intracellular bacteria (chlamydia, mycoplasma), Spirochaetal (syphilis, Lyme) and rare infections such as Anthrax, plague and brucellosis
ADRs: Lupus, hepatitis, tinnitus, anaphylaxis
Doxycycline
Tetracycline antibiotic
Mechanism same as tetracycline
Uses: Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Anthrax, Plague, Cholera (vibrio cholera), prophylaxis for malaria
ADRs: Erythematous rash
Gentamicin/Neomycin
Aminoglycoside antibiotic
Same mechanism of tetracyclines
Uses: Mostly G-, pseudomonas, proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes as well as G+ staphylococcus
ADRs: Low blood counts, Allergic response, Neuromuscular problems, Nerve damage, ototoxic, nephrotoxic
Erythromycin
Macrolide
Binds to 50s subunit of bacterial ribosome
Uses: Skin and URT infections caused by strep, staph and Haemophilus genera
ADRs: Diarrhoea, nausea, prolonged QT
Clarithromycin
Macrolide
Same mechanism as Erythromycin
Uses: Staph, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, mycobacteria, chlamydia pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae
ADRs: Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abnormal LFTs
Vancomycin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting crosslinking (different mechanism to B-lactams)
Uses: life threatening G+ infections (staph, strep etc)
ADRs: nephrotoxic, ototoxic
Detail the Treatment of TB, include details of each drug (Mechanism, class, ADRs)
4 drugs
2 month course of: Rifampicin Isoniazid Ethambutol Pyrazinamide
Further 4 months of:
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Rifampicin:
Inhibits RNA synthesis by inhibiting Bacterial DNA dependent RNA polymerase
ADR: Orange urine
Isoniazid:
Inhibits TB cell wall synthesis (blocking production of mycolic acid)
ADRs: Hepatitis, Peripheral neuropathy
Ethambutol:
Disrupts cell wall synthesis of TB (disrupts synthesis of arabinogalactan)
ADRs: Hepatitis
Pyrazinamide:
Disrupts TB cell membrane
ADRs: Hepatitis
Amantidine
Anti-viral
M2 proton channel blocker, prevents viral replication
Uses: Influenza A (previously)
ADRs: Nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, exacerbating seizures
Oseltamivir
Antiviral
Neuramidase inhibitor, preventing new viral particles being released from a host cell
Uses: Influenza A + B
ADRs: Nausea, vomiting, liver inflammation, elevated LFTs, anaphylaxis, seizure
Nystatin/Amphotericin B
Polyene Antifungal
Bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane. Forms an ion channel that causes leaking of ions and cell death
Nystatin ADRs: Diarrhoea, abdo pain, tachycardia, bronchospasm
Amphotericin B ADRs: Severe reaction can be seen consisting of High fever, shaking chills, hypotension, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, generalised weakness
Chloroquine
Anti-malarial
Used preventatively, induces parasite cell autodigestion
ADRs: Seizures, nausea, vomiting, itchiness, headache, deafness or tinnitus, retinopathy, pancytopenia
