Drugs general

Question 1

Detomidine is used in which species and for what?

Answer 1

Horses. Sedative analgesic.

Question 2

time of maximum action of IM and IV detomidine

Answer 2

IM: 77 minutes
IV: 2 minutes

Question 3

Elimination of Detomidine IM and IV

Answer 3

IV: 25 min
IM: 51 minutes

Question 4

Contraidications for Detomidine:

Answer 4

Cardiac: Preexisting AV or SA block, severe coronary insufficiency, cerebrovascular disease, Respiratory disease,
chronic renal failure.

Question 5

adverse effects

Answer 5

Initial rise in blood pressure followed by bradycardia and heart block. decreased motility, hypertension.

Question 6

Arrhythmias may be seen with detomidine when mixed with these drugs

Answer 6

thiopental, ketamine, halothane

Question 7

Effect of alpha 2 agonists with Phenothiazines

Answer 7

severe hypotension possible

Question 8

Xylazine’s non-anesthetic use in cats

Answer 8

emetic

Question 9

Adverse effects of Xylazine in horses:

Answer 9

muscle tremors, bradycardia with partial A-V block, reduced resp rate, movement in response to sharp auditory stimuli, sweaty increased intracranial pressure, GI motility, decreased mucociliary clearance.

Question 10

Adverse effects of Xylazine in cattle:

Answer 10

Salivation, ruminal atony, bloating, regurgitation, hypothermia, premature parturition, ataxia.

Question 11

Action of Xylazine

Answer 11

alpha 2 adrenergic agonist: sedative/analgesic with muscle relaxant properties

Question 12

A2 agonist effect on temperature regulation

Answer 12

depresses thermoregulatory mechanisms (hypo or hyper depending on air).

Question 13

A2 action on CV system

Answer 13

initial increase in SVR with incereased blood pressure followed by a longer period of lowered blood pressures.
Reflex bradycardia.

Question 14

Phenothiazines mechanism of action:

Answer 14

Dopaminergic receptor antagonists (sedation anxiolytics, mood aleration, antiemetic). Histaminic receptor agonist (Antihistaminic, anti-emetic).
Cholinergic muscarinic antagonist (spasmolytic, decreased lower esophageal tone, decreased gastric emptying)

Question 15

Acepromazine: Administration routes

Answer 15

IM, IV, SQ, PO

Question 16

Acepromazine onset of action:

Answer 16

IV: 5-10 minutes
IM: 30-45 minutes

Question 17

Acepromazine duration of action:

Answer 17

4-6 hours

Question 18

Acepromazine protein affinity, solubility

Answer 18

apporx 90% bound

highly water soluble (enters brain easily)

Question 19

acepromazine metabolism and excretion

Answer 19

oxidation and conjugation within liver. Mainly kidney and some bile excretion

Question 20

Drugs that Acepromazine potentiates the action of…

Answer 20

Opioids, local anesthetics, general anesthetics, organophosphate compounds

Question 21

Acepromazine CNS effects

Answer 21

Sedation (antagonism of D2, H1, Alpha, and muscarinic), antiemetic

Question 22

Acepromazine CVS

Answer 22

Hypotension (peripheral alpha blockage, depression of central vasomotor center, direct relax effect on smooth muscle). Anti-arrhythmic (class 1a. inhibits sensitization of myocardium to catecholamine induced arrhythmias)

Question 23

Acepromazine respiratory system effect

Answer 23

minimal effect

Question 24

Antihistaminergic effects of acepromazine

Answer 24

Just alters intra-dermal skin test results

Question 25

GI effects of acepromazine

Answer 25

antispasmodic on smooth muscle, anti-emetic (central), decreased EST, decreased gastric emptying, risk of regurgitation.

Question 26

Acepromazine effect on body temp

Answer 26

hypothermia (vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels)

Question 27

Acepromazine effect on male horses

Answer 27

Paralysis of retractor penis muscle.

Question 28

Acepromazine effect on hematocrit and platelets

Answer 28

decrease in hematocrit, reduction of platelet and their aggregation function

Question 29

Acepromazine considerations with giant breeds, brachycephalics

Answer 29

giant breeds must reduce the dose. May relax airway muscles in brachycephalics

Question 30

Alpha 2 agonists (3 reasons for preanesthetics)

Answer 30

sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxaation