Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > DRUGS FOR THE CONTROL OF PAIN > Flashcards

DRUGS FOR THE CONTROL OF PAIN Flashcards

1
Q

how are pain an nocioception a different phenomena?

A

pain cannot be inferred soley from activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is nocioception?

A

perception or sensation of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is pain?

A

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, actual or potential damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a numeric rating score (NRS)?

A

-rating pain from 1-10
-used in ppl above the age of 8
-less than 4 (mild pain)
-4-6 (moderate pain)
-7-10 (severe pain)
-0 being no pain, 10 being the worst pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are physical signs of pain?

A

facial expressions, leg movement, activity crying, consolability (FLACC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the FACES scale is used on what age group?

A

children (4-18)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why may the FACES pain scale not be accurate?

A

kids want the nurse/doctor to like them (positive)
-don’t want to see winy
-so they may put a lower number on the scale for this reason

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is acute pain?

A

-comes on quick
-intense pain that occurs over a defined period of time (from injury to recovery/repair)
-abrupt onset, and brief duration; pain intensity declines as healing begins, or the pain stimulus is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is chronic pain?

A

-pain that persists longer than 6 months, interferes with daily activities, high incidence of depression
-further divided into non-malignant or malignant (cancer pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why should you look at mental health before treating pain?

A

depression can cause pain (hopelessness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is nociceptor pain?

A

nocioceptors; sensory nerve receptors that initiate pain transmission when stimulated
- associated with tissue injury, somatic pain, sharp localized pain or visceral pain, generalized dull, throbbing/aching pain - respond well to analgesics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what it neuropathic pain?

A

associated with injury or irritation to nerve tissue, burning, shooting or numbing pain, cause can be difficult to determine
-respond poorly to traditional analgesics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

acute pain - injury to experience

A
  • peripheral tissue injury, surgical or trauma
  • pain transduction, release of tissue, humeral mediators
  • pain transmission, afferent neural transmission
  • pain transmission, spinal cord receptors (substantia gelatinosa)
  • reflex sympathetic response to the painful stimulus
  • pain perception an modulation, transmission to the brain (spine-thalamic tract)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 5 steps of pain physiology?

A
  1. transduction: trauma stimulates nociceptors
  2. transmission in peripheral nerves: pain impulse travels along peripheral nerves to the spinal cord along A an C fibres
  3. transmission in spinal tracts: pain impulse continues along ascending tracts of the spinal cord
  4. perception: cerebral cortex recognizes pain stimulus
  5. modulation: limbic system reacts to pain. Modulating signals sent along descending tracts of spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does Tylenol 3 contain?

A

acetaminophen, codeine (an opioid) an caffeine (enhances absorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does Vicodin contain?

A

hydrocodone (opioid) an acetaminophen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are NSAID’s?

A
  • administered to relieve mild to moderate pain, inflammation an fever
  • inhibits pain mediators at nociceptor level
  • inhibits the inflammatory response to tissue injury
  • inhibits activity of cyclooxygenase; enzyme converts arachidonic acid into the inflammatory an pain inducing prostaglandins
18
Q

acetaminophen

A
  • mechanism of action not completely understood
  • does not do anything for inflammation
  • binds to CB1
  • activity at CB1 an TRPV1 receptors located in the brain
19
Q

arachadonial esters in membranes are released and converted to what?

A

arachidonic acid

20
Q

NSAID’s can reduce opioid requirement by what percentage?

A

30%

21
Q

what are endogenous opioids?

A
  • modulate the transmission of pain to the brain an spinal cord
  • endogenous opioids include beta endorphins and enkephalins
22
Q

function of postsynaptic neurons

A

open K+ channels, causing membrane hyper polarization, inhibiting neuronal activity

23
Q

function of presynaptic neurons

A

closes Ca+ channels, inhibiting release of excitatory neurotransmitters; Ach, Substance P, and glutamate

24
Q

opioids exert analgesic effects via stimulation of what?

A

mu and kappa opioid receptors in the brain an spinal cord

25
Q

clinical uses of opioid drugs?

A

analgesia, severe diarrhea, antitussive therapy (used to prevent/relieve a cough) and sedation

26
Q

what are the Canadian guidelines for opioids for chronic non cancer pain?

A
  • recommends optimization of non opioid pharmacotherapy and non pharmacological therapy, prior to a trial of opioids
  • stabilizing any psychiatric disorder before opioids are considered
  • recommends against opioid use in clients with active substance abuse disorder
27
Q

adverse effects of opioids

A
  • constipation
  • nausea an vomiting
  • pruritus
  • sedation
  • respiratory depression (treat w naloxone)
  • delirium (opioid induced neurotoxicity)
28
Q

what happens in phase 1 of metabolism in opioids?

A

codeine - morphine

29
Q

what is naloxone?

A

(IV, IM, SC) opioid antagonist - reverses effects of opioids

30
Q

are opioid with-drawl symptoms life threatening?

A

no - unpleasant

31
Q

what are side effects of opioid with drawl?

A
  • rhinorrhea (runny nose)
  • lacrimation (tears)
  • chills
  • muscle aches
  • cramping
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • anxiety
32
Q

what are the adjuvants in pain management?

A

local anesthetics, GABA receptor agonists, corticosteroids and cannabis

33
Q

how do local anaesthetics manage main?

A

blocks afferent nerve transmission of pain (nerve block)

34
Q

how do GABA receptor agonists manage pain?

A

endogenous pain suppression pathways release GABA; benzodiazepines act on GABA receptors and increase the effects of GABA at its receptor

35
Q

how do corticosteroids manage pain?

A

bone pain an nerve compression (dexamethasone, prednisone)

36
Q

do serotonin agents have have an analgesic effect?

A
  • only a few of them
  • SSRI antidepressant drug have little nociceptive effect and does nothing for neuropathic pain
37
Q

endogenous pain suppression pathways release what?

A

serotonin (5-HT)

38
Q

what improves neuropathic pain?

A

mixed agents (tricyclic antidepressants augment analgesi)

39
Q

what do triptans bind to?

A

5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors

40
Q

what ate 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors effective for?

A

effective in treatment of migraine headaches, vasoconstrictive effect on intracranial vessels, inhibits release of substance P

41
Q

what are non pharmacological methods?

A
  • acupuncture, acupressure
  • physical and occupational therapy
  • massage
  • heat or cold
42
Q

what are the anticonvulsant and anti epileptic drugs?

A

phenytoin, gabapentin, pregabalin
- improve neuropathic pain

Pharmacology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions