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Pharmacology > DRUGS AFFECTING THE ANS > Flashcards

DRUGS AFFECTING THE ANS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA’s)?

A

induces paralysis of skeletal muscle

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2
Q

what are the neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA’s)?

A

succinylcholine, rocuronium

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3
Q

what is used to reverse the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA’s)?

A

acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (neostigmine)

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4
Q

when are neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA’s) used?

A

surgery, mechanical ventilation, endotracheal intubation

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5
Q

what is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

transmits signals between the CNS and the rest of the body

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6
Q

what is the function of motor neurons?

A

carry signals from the CNS that control the activities of muscles and glands

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7
Q

what is the function of sensory neurons?

A

carry signals to the CNS from sensory organs

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8
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

controls voluntary movements by activating skeletal muscles

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9
Q

hat is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

controls involuntary responses by influencing organs, glands and smooth muscle

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10
Q

what is sympathetic division?

A

prepares the body for stressful or energetic activity “fight or flight”

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11
Q

what is parasympathetic division?

A

dominates during times of “rest and relaxation” - directs maintenance activities

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12
Q

what is the function of the central nervous system?

A

receives and processes information, initiates action

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13
Q

what are the adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha an beta

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14
Q

what are parasympathetic division (REST AN DIGEST) symptoms when activated?

A

-constricted pupils
-stimulates salivation
-slows heart (relaxed)
-constricts breathing (lung capacity diminished when relaxed)
-stimulates digestion
-contracts bladder
-stimulates sex organs

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15
Q

what are sympathetic division (FIGHT OR FLIGHT) symptoms when activated?

A

-dilates pupil
-inhibits salivation
-accelerates heart
-facilitates breathing (breathing heavily)
-inhibits digestion
-stimulates release of glucose
-secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine
-relaxes bladder
-inhibits sex organs

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16
Q

most organs/glands receive input from both branches (parasympathetic/sympathetic) from which system?

A

autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

do arterioles have sympathetic or parasympathetic input?

A

sympathetic

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18
Q

ganglia of the ANS contains which receptor?

A

nicotinic cholinergic receptors

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19
Q

what is the function of acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

induces the opening of sodium ion channels and depolarization of the neuron
- results in stimulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

20
Q

to prepare for pt surgery, you administer a drug to SUPPRESS the production of oral secretions. Which drug class?
a) cholinergic
b) anticholinergic

A

anticholinergic

21
Q

what are cholinergic drugs?

A

muscarinic agonists, parasympathomimetics

22
Q

what are anticholinergic drugs?

A

muscarinic agonists, parasympatholytics

23
Q

direct acting cholinergic drugs (muscarinic agonists)

A

-bind to muscarinic cholinergic receptors
-bethanechol

24
Q

what is the function of bethanechol?

A

stimulates smooth muscle contraction via muscarinic M3 receptors coupled to Gq proteins, used to treat postoperative ileus and bladder atony

25
Q

indirect acting cholinergic drugs (muscarinic agonists)

A

-inhibit acetylcholinesterase and increase acetylcholine levels
-affects autonomic ganglia, muscarinic receptors, skeletal muscle and cholinergic receptors in the CNS
-few clinical uses: myasthenia graves, Alzheimers disease

26
Q

what are indirect acting cholinergic drugs (agonists)?

A

-carbamate insecticides
-organophosphate insecticides
-both inhibit acetylcholinesterase an can induce cholinergic crisis

27
Q

function of carbamate insecticides

A

reversible binding, effects reversed in 2-8 hours post exposure

28
Q

function of organophosphate insecticides

A

irreversible binding, recovery requires synthesis of new enzyme

29
Q

nicotinic effects

A

muscle fasciculations and fatigue

30
Q

muscarinic effects

A

salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, dyspnea, bradycardia, sweating an pin prick needles

31
Q

direct acting (muscarinic agonists) drugs an their use:

A

Pr bethanechol (duvoid)
- increase urination
Pilocarpine (salagen)
-glaucoma

32
Q

indirect acting (cholinesterase inhibitors) drugs an their use:

A

Edrophonium (tensilon)
- diagnosis of myasthenia
Galantamine (reminyl)
- Alzheimers disease
Neostigmine (prostigmin)
- myasthenia gravis, increase urination

33
Q

function of muscinaric antagonists

A

inhibit parasympathetic inputs to target organs
induce effects similar sympathetic nervous system activation
(same as sympathetic effects)

34
Q

function of atropine

A

inhibits Ach binding at muscarinic receptors
highly lipid soluble
- increased HR, bronchodilator, decreased GI motility, pupil dilation, decreased secretions from glands

35
Q

clinical uses of atropine

A

mydriatic, treatment for carbamate insecticide poisoning, reduces airway and gastric secretions

36
Q

clinical use of scopolamine

A

motion sickness, IBS

37
Q

clinical use of ipratropium

A

bronchodilation, asthma, COPD

38
Q

clinical use of oxybutynin & tolterodine

A

urinary urgency an incontinence

39
Q

target tissues contain which receptors

A

alpha an beta

40
Q

sympathomimetics (adrenergic AGONIST drugs)

A

(mimic effects)
a1: constrict smooth muscle (blood vessels, uterus), dilate pupils
B1: increased HR, force of contraction, release of renin
B2: inhibit smooth muscle (bronchioles, uterus)

41
Q

sympatholytics (adrenergic ANTAGONIST drugs)

A

exert opposite effect compared to adrenergic drugs

42
Q

what is the clinical use (an receptor) for epinephrine if someone had anaphylaxis, shock, heart failure?

A

Beta1 receptor stimulation increases HR, contractility an cardiac output

43
Q

what is the clinical use (an receptor) for salbutamol if someone has acute asthmatic bronchoconstriction?

A

Beta2 receptor stimulation induces relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle

44
Q

what is the clinical use (an receptor) for phenylephrine if someone had hypotension and nasal congestion?

A

Alpha1 receptor stimulation induces vasoconstriction

45
Q

what is carvedilol?

A

mixed adrenergic antagonist drug, non selective beta antagonist (B1,B2) an alpha antagonist (A1)

46
Q

function of alpha adrenergic antagonists

A

relax vascular smooth muscle (dilation), decreases BP

47
Q

function of beta adrenergic antagonists

A

decrease rate and force of contraction of heart an reduce production of renin, decreases BP

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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