Drugs for Mental Disorders, Alcohol, Tobacco, and Opioids Flashcards
What does Norepinephrine affect?
Alertness, Energy
What does Dopamine affect?
Attention, Motivation, Pleasure, Reward
What does Serotonin affect?
Obsessions, Compulsions
What is the ‘formula’ for a PET scan?
Stimulation-Control=Difference
What is the ‘original’ anti-psychotic?
Thorazine (500mg): Chlorpromazine
What is the mechanism of anti-psychotics?
Dopamine (DA) Receptor blockade
What are the four primary classes of antidepressants?
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCIs)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Atypical antidepressants
What is the most specific SSRI?
Paroxetine (Paxil; 20mg)
What are the medicinal uses for alcohol?
Disinfectant
Nerve Destruction for intractable pain
Stop Premature Labor
Anesthetic
What does 100 proof alcohol contain?
50% alcohol content
What are the four measures of a standard drink?
12 fl oz of standard beer (5% alcohol)
8-9 fl oz of malt liquor (7% alcohol)
5 fl oz of table wine (12% alcohol)
1.5 fl oz shot of distilled spirits (40% alcohol)
What are the effects of low BAC?
Decreased Alertness
Complex, Abstract, or Poorly Learned thoughts are diminished
Impaired Judgement
Euphoria, loss of inhibition, reduced anxiety
Increased gastric acid secretion
What are the effects of Intermediate BAC?
Slow reaction times Vasodilation Impaired motor function Depressed sensory function Activation of Vomiting reflex Decreased sexual performance
What are the effects of high BAC?
Severe motor and sensory impairment
Stuporous, Anesthesia
Decreased response to carbon dioxide, respiratory failure
What percentage of sexual assaults involve alcohol?
50%-70%
What level of education has the highest level of smokers?
GED diploma
What percentage of lung cancers occur in smokers?
85%
How many deaths in the U.S. are attributable to smoking every year?
480,000 (50k are secondhand)
What are the four main substances in tobacco and what do they cause?
Nicotine: Addiction (activates then blocks ACh receptors, increases dopamine levels)
Tar: Decreases function of cilia in lungs
Carbon Monoxide: Decreases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
Nitrosamines: Cause leukoplakia (hardening of mouth tissue)
What is an FDA-approved smoking cessation drug?
Psychoactive Agents: sustained-release bupropion (Zyban)
What are Opiates?
Morphine-like drugs
How do Opioids reduce pain?
Modify perception and reaction to pain through CNS (Analgesia)
What is Opium?
The crude, unmodified substance from the poppy plant, containing about 10% to 15% morphine, and less than 1% codeine
Chemically, how does one produce synthetic opiate drugs?
Eliminating the middle rings (meperidine and fentanyl)
What class of drug is heroin, and what does that mean?
A prodrug, it only activates when metabolized
Why is codeine difficult to abuse?
Methyl is slowly removed by the metabolism to activate morphine
What does OxyContin contain?
Oxycodone
What is the most potent synthetic opioid?
Fentanyl
What are the two opioid antagonists, and how do they function?
Naloxone: Potent, short-acting antagonist. Reverses the effects of Opiates
Naltrexone: Long-acting natcotic antagonist, better taken orally. Keeps user from achieving effects from Opioids
What are opioids classified as?
Endorphin Agonists
What is the main adverse effect of opioid use?
Respiratory depression: medulla in brainstem less responsive to carbon dioxide in blood, additive with other depressants (slows respiration)
What is the opioid overdose triad?
Coma, Depressed respiration, Pinpoint pupils
Where does the phrase “Cold Turkey” come from?
Withdrawal symptoms of opioids from goosebumps due to chills
