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Use and Abuse of Drugs > Drugs for Mental Disorders, Alcohol, Tobacco, and Opioids > Flashcards

Drugs for Mental Disorders, Alcohol, Tobacco, and Opioids Flashcards

1
Q

What does Norepinephrine affect?

A

Alertness, Energy

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2
Q

What does Dopamine affect?

A

Attention, Motivation, Pleasure, Reward

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3
Q

What does Serotonin affect?

A

Obsessions, Compulsions

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4
Q

What is the ‘formula’ for a PET scan?

A

Stimulation-Control=Difference

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5
Q

What is the ‘original’ anti-psychotic?

A

Thorazine (500mg): Chlorpromazine

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of anti-psychotics?

A

Dopamine (DA) Receptor blockade

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7
Q

What are the four primary classes of antidepressants?

A

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCIs)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Atypical antidepressants

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8
Q

What is the most specific SSRI?

A

Paroxetine (Paxil; 20mg)

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9
Q

What are the medicinal uses for alcohol?

A

Disinfectant
Nerve Destruction for intractable pain
Stop Premature Labor
Anesthetic

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10
Q

What does 100 proof alcohol contain?

A

50% alcohol content

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11
Q

What are the four measures of a standard drink?

A

12 fl oz of standard beer (5% alcohol)
8-9 fl oz of malt liquor (7% alcohol)
5 fl oz of table wine (12% alcohol)
1.5 fl oz shot of distilled spirits (40% alcohol)

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12
Q

What are the effects of low BAC?

A

Decreased Alertness
Complex, Abstract, or Poorly Learned thoughts are diminished
Impaired Judgement
Euphoria, loss of inhibition, reduced anxiety
Increased gastric acid secretion

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13
Q

What are the effects of Intermediate BAC?

A 
Slow reaction times
Vasodilation
Impaired motor function
Depressed sensory function
Activation of Vomiting reflex
Decreased sexual performance
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14
Q

What are the effects of high BAC?

A

Severe motor and sensory impairment
Stuporous, Anesthesia
Decreased response to carbon dioxide, respiratory failure

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15
Q

What percentage of sexual assaults involve alcohol?

A

50%-70%

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16
Q

What level of education has the highest level of smokers?

A

GED diploma

17
Q

What percentage of lung cancers occur in smokers?

A

85%

18
Q

How many deaths in the U.S. are attributable to smoking every year?

A

480,000 (50k are secondhand)

19
Q

What are the four main substances in tobacco and what do they cause?

A

Nicotine: Addiction (activates then blocks ACh receptors, increases dopamine levels)
Tar: Decreases function of cilia in lungs
Carbon Monoxide: Decreases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
Nitrosamines: Cause leukoplakia (hardening of mouth tissue)

20
Q

What is an FDA-approved smoking cessation drug?

A

Psychoactive Agents: sustained-release bupropion (Zyban)

21
Q

What are Opiates?

A

Morphine-like drugs

22
Q

How do Opioids reduce pain?

A

Modify perception and reaction to pain through CNS (Analgesia)

23
Q

What is Opium?

A

The crude, unmodified substance from the poppy plant, containing about 10% to 15% morphine, and less than 1% codeine

24
Q

Chemically, how does one produce synthetic opiate drugs?

A

Eliminating the middle rings (meperidine and fentanyl)

25
Q

What class of drug is heroin, and what does that mean?

A

A prodrug, it only activates when metabolized

26
Q

Why is codeine difficult to abuse?

A

Methyl is slowly removed by the metabolism to activate morphine

27
Q

What does OxyContin contain?

A

Oxycodone

28
Q

What is the most potent synthetic opioid?

A

Fentanyl

29
Q

What are the two opioid antagonists, and how do they function?

A

Naloxone: Potent, short-acting antagonist. Reverses the effects of Opiates
Naltrexone: Long-acting natcotic antagonist, better taken orally. Keeps user from achieving effects from Opioids

30
Q

What are opioids classified as?

A

Endorphin Agonists

31
Q

What is the main adverse effect of opioid use?

A

Respiratory depression: medulla in brainstem less responsive to carbon dioxide in blood, additive with other depressants (slows respiration)

32
Q

What is the opioid overdose triad?

A

Coma, Depressed respiration, Pinpoint pupils

33
Q

Where does the phrase “Cold Turkey” come from?

A

Withdrawal symptoms of opioids from goosebumps due to chills

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