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Drugs and Behavior > Drugs and behavior Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Drugs and behavior Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of an environment of body functions within a certain range

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2
Q

membrane

A

a tin, limiting covering of a cell

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3
Q

cell body

A

the central region of a neuron, which is the control center

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4
Q

dendrites

A

branchlike structures that extend from the sell body and specialize in receiving signals from other neurins

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5
Q

axon

A

a thin tube that extends from the cell body and specializes in transmitting signals to other neurons

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6
Q

axon terminals

A

the end region of the axon

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7
Q

receptors

A

recognition mechanisms that respond to specific signals

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8
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers released from axon terminals

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9
Q

synaptic vessicles

A

small bubbles of membrane that store neurotransmitters

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10
Q

mylein

A

a fatty white substance that is wrapped around potions of the axons

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11
Q

autoimmune disease

A

a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue

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12
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

an autoimmune illness caused by damage to the mylein sheath that wraps axons. A wide range of symptoms can accompany this disorder including muscle spasms, vision loss, severe pain, dizziness, fatigue, and intestinal problems

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13
Q

blood brain barrier

A

structure that prevents many drugs from entering the brain

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14
Q

semipermable

A

allowing some, but not all, chemicals to pass

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15
Q

nerotransmission

A

the process of transferring information from one neuron to another at a synapse

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16
Q

action potential

A

the electrical signal transmitted along the axon when a neuron fires

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17
Q

ion channels

A

a protein in the cell membrane forms a pore that allows the passage of ions from one side of the membrane to the other

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18
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule that has a net electrical charge because of a difference in the number of electron and protons

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19
Q

resting potential

A

the voltage maintained by a cell when it is not generating action potentials. The resting potential of neurons is about -65 mV

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20
Q

hyperpolarized

A

when the membrane potential is more negative

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21
Q

depolarized

A

when the membrane potential is less negative

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22
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter found in the parasympathetic branch in the cerebral cortex

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23
Q

autonomic

A

the part of the nervous system that controls “involuntary” functions, such as heart rate

24
Q

sympathetic

A

the branch of the autonomic system involved in flight or fight response

25
Q

parasympathetic

A

the branch of the autonomic system that stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state

26
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter that may be important for regulating waking and appetite

27
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

28
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

a collection of neurons in the fore bain that plays an important role in reward and emotional reactions to events

29
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter found in the basal ganglia and other regions

30
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

a group of dopamine containing neurons located in the mid brain whose axons project to the fore brain, especially the nucleus accumbens and cortex

31
Q

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

A

one of the 2 major dopamine pathways; may be involved in psychotic reactions and in drug rewards

32
Q

schizophrenia

A

a mental disorder characterized by chronic psychosis

33
Q

nigrostriatal dopamine pathway

A

one of two major dopamine pathways; damaged in Parkinson’s disease

34
Q

substantia nigra

A

a dopamine- rich midbrain structure that projects to the striatum

35
Q

hypothalamus

A

a structure found near the bottom of the forebrain. It participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression

36
Q

striatum

A

a term used to describe the caduate nucleus and putamen. Located in the forebrain, it is involved in the initiation of body movements and procedural memory

37
Q

Parkinson’s Diesease

A

a movement disorder involving damage to and/or loss of dopamine neurons along the nigrostriatal dopmanine pathway. Major symptoms include tremors, rigidity of the limbs, postural instability, and the difficulty initiating movments

38
Q

precursors

A

chemicals that are acted on by enzymes to form neurotransmitters

39
Q

nucleus basalis

A

a group of neurons of the basal forebrain that sends projections throughout the cortex

40
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outermost layer of the brain

41
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a progressive brain disease that destroys memory and thinking skills

42
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter found in the raphe nuclei; may be important for important for impulsivity, depression

43
Q

raphe nuclei

A

a group of serotonin- containing neurons found in the brain stem and project widley throughout the brain

44
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter found in most regions throughout the brain

45
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter found in most regions of the brain

46
Q

endorphin

A

opiate- like chemical that occurs naturally in the brain of humans and other animals

47
Q

basal ganglia

A

subcortal brain structures controlling muscle tome

48
Q

uptake

A

energy- requiring mechanisms by which selected molecules are taken into cells

49
Q

synthesis

A

the forming of a neurotransmitter by the action of enzymes on precusors

50
Q

enzyme

A

large molecule that assists in either the synthesis or metabolism of another molecule

51
Q

synapse

A

the space between neurons

52
Q

transporter

A

mechanism in the nerve terminal membrane responsible for removing neurotransmitter molecules from the synapse by taking them back into the neuron

53
Q

metabolize

A

to break down or inactivate a neurotransmitter through enzymatic action

54
Q

agonist

A

a substance that facilitates or mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter on the post synaptic cell

55
Q

antagonist

A

a substance that prevents the effects of a neurotransmitter on the pos tsynaptic cell

56
Q

monomaine

A

a class of chemicals characterized by a single amine group; monoamine neurotransmitters including dopamine, norephrine, and serotonin

Drugs and Behavior (5 decks)

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