drugs affecting the respiratory system

Question 1

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 1

• pH is < 7.35
• increase pC02 and increase HC03
• COPD, emphysema

Question 2

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 2

• pH is >7.45
• decrease in pC02 and decrease in HC03
• primary cause is hyperventilation

Question 3

normal range of PC02

Answer 3

35-45

Question 4

normal range of HC03

Answer 4

22-26

Question 5

what is secreted by the cells that line the capillaries of the lungs?

Answer 5

-Vasodilating substances: capillaries are lined with single layer epithelium that forms a barrier and transport of gases. also secretes vasodilating substances

Question 6

Asthma particularly affects the smaller airways particularly the ____ and _____

Answer 6

bronchi and bronchioles

Question 7

these smaller airways (bronchi and bronchioles) have a inner lining called the ____ that is surrounded by a layer of ____, in people with asthma these airways are chronically _______

Answer 7

mucosa
smooth muscle
inflamed

Question 8

because the airways are chronically inflamed it makes them ________ to certain triggers

Answer 8

hyperresponsive

Question 9

when a person with asthma is exposed to a trigger

Answer 9

• smooth rings of muscle contract and become narrow
• simultaneously trigger worsens inflammation causing mucosal lining to become more swollen and secrete more mucous
• during an asthma attack this mucous blocks the narrowed airways

Question 10

Drug therapy for asthma:

Answer 10

• Bronchodilators: used to prevent and treat bronchoconstriction
  ex. sabutomal
• Anti-infalmmatories: are used to prevent and treat inflammation of the airways. Reducing inflammation also reduces bronchoconstriction by decreasing mucosal edema and mucous secretions.
  ex. inhaled corticosteriods

-combinations: long acting beta agonists (LABA’s) & corticosteriod for maintenance

Question 11

salbutomal is a _______

Answer 11

short acting beta agonist (which is also defined as a reliver medication)

Question 12

-beclomethasone dipropionate
-budenoside
-fluticsone proplonate
-mometasone
are all examples of

Answer 12

inhaled corticosteriod (also known as a controller medication)

Question 13

Bronchodilators are adrenergic drugs which stimulate

Answer 13

beta2 adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles. Increase cyclic AMP produces bronchodilation.

Question 14

some adrenergic drugs stimulate beta1 - adrenergic receptors as well which causes …

Answer 14

an increase in HR and force of contraction (AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS ALBUTEROL)

Question 15

Adrenergics:

epinephrine

Answer 15

• stimulates beta 1 and beta 2 receptors

- injected during an acute attack of bronchconstriction

Question 16

Adrenergics:
Albuterol (also called ventolin)
bitolterol
pirbutelol

Answer 16

• short acting beta 2 adrenergic agonist
• most often taken by inhalation
• drug of choice to relive acute asthma attack

Question 17

adrenergics:
formoterol
salmeterol

Answer 17

• long acting beta 2 adrenergic agonists

- USED only for prophylaxis

Question 18

Xanthines:

Theophylline (diet considerations)

Answer 18

-drinking/eating foods high in caffeine, like coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate may increase side effects caused by theophylline

Question 19

Anti-inflammatory agents: corticosteriods are used in treatment of acute and chronic asthma and other broncho-constrictive disorders to…

Answer 19

suppress inflammation

Question 20

topical corticosteriods for inhalation will

Answer 20

minimize systematic absorption and adverse effects

Question 21

hydrocorisone, prednisone and methylprednisolone are examples of

Answer 21

systemic steroids (when systemic steroids are required)

Question 22

what are leukotrines?

Answer 22

strong chemical mediators of bronchoconstriction and inflmmation
(causing prolonged constriction of bronchioles and immediate hypersensitivty reactions. they also increase mucus secretion and mucosal edema in the respiratory tract)

Question 23

what are leukotrine modifier drugs?

Answer 23

-counteract effects of leukotrines and are used for long term treatment of asthma

Question 24

examples of leukotrine modifier drugs?

Answer 24

Zileuton: inhibits lipoxygenase and reduces formation of leukotrienes

Montelukast* and zafirlukast: are leukotriene receptor antagonists.

Question 25

mast cell stabilizer drugs are indicated only for

Answer 25

prophylaxis only of acute asthma attacks

Question 26

caffeine is a xanthine…

Answer 26

caffeine-containing products may produce weak bronchodilating effects