drugs affecting the respiratory system Flashcards
Respiratory acidosis
- pH is < 7.35
- increase pC02 and increase HC03
- COPD, emphysema
Respiratory alkalosis
- pH is >7.45
- decrease in pC02 and decrease in HC03
- primary cause is hyperventilation
normal range of PC02
35-45
normal range of HC03
22-26
what is secreted by the cells that line the capillaries of the lungs?
-Vasodilating substances: capillaries are lined with single layer epithelium that forms a barrier and transport of gases. also secretes vasodilating substances
Asthma particularly affects the smaller airways particularly the ____ and _____
bronchi and bronchioles
these smaller airways (bronchi and bronchioles) have a inner lining called the ____ that is surrounded by a layer of ____, in people with asthma these airways are chronically _______
mucosa
smooth muscle
inflamed
because the airways are chronically inflamed it makes them ________ to certain triggers
hyperresponsive
when a person with asthma is exposed to a trigger
- smooth rings of muscle contract and become narrow
- simultaneously trigger worsens inflammation causing mucosal lining to become more swollen and secrete more mucous
- during an asthma attack this mucous blocks the narrowed airways
Drug therapy for asthma:
- Bronchodilators: used to prevent and treat bronchoconstriction
ex. sabutomal - Anti-infalmmatories: are used to prevent and treat inflammation of the airways. Reducing inflammation also reduces bronchoconstriction by decreasing mucosal edema and mucous secretions.
ex. inhaled corticosteriods
-combinations: long acting beta agonists (LABA’s) & corticosteriod for maintenance
salbutomal is a _______
short acting beta agonist (which is also defined as a reliver medication)
-beclomethasone dipropionate
-budenoside
-fluticsone proplonate
-mometasone
are all examples of
inhaled corticosteriod (also known as a controller medication)
Bronchodilators are adrenergic drugs which stimulate
beta2 adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles. Increase cyclic AMP produces bronchodilation.
some adrenergic drugs stimulate beta1 - adrenergic receptors as well which causes …
an increase in HR and force of contraction (AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS ALBUTEROL)
Adrenergics:
epinephrine
- stimulates beta 1 and beta 2 receptors
- injected during an acute attack of bronchconstriction
Adrenergics:
Albuterol (also called ventolin)
bitolterol
pirbutelol
- short acting beta 2 adrenergic agonist
- most often taken by inhalation
- drug of choice to relive acute asthma attack
adrenergics:
formoterol
salmeterol
- long acting beta 2 adrenergic agonists
- USED only for prophylaxis
Xanthines:
Theophylline (diet considerations)
-drinking/eating foods high in caffeine, like coffee, tea, cocoa, chocolate may increase side effects caused by theophylline
Anti-inflammatory agents: corticosteriods are used in treatment of acute and chronic asthma and other broncho-constrictive disorders to…
suppress inflammation
topical corticosteriods for inhalation will
minimize systematic absorption and adverse effects
hydrocorisone, prednisone and methylprednisolone are examples of
systemic steroids (when systemic steroids are required)
what are leukotrines?
strong chemical mediators of bronchoconstriction and inflmmation
(causing prolonged constriction of bronchioles and immediate hypersensitivty reactions. they also increase mucus secretion and mucosal edema in the respiratory tract)
what are leukotrine modifier drugs?
-counteract effects of leukotrines and are used for long term treatment of asthma
examples of leukotrine modifier drugs?
Zileuton: inhibits lipoxygenase and reduces formation of leukotrienes
Montelukast* and zafirlukast: are leukotriene receptor antagonists.
mast cell stabilizer drugs are indicated only for
prophylaxis only of acute asthma attacks
caffeine is a xanthine…
caffeine-containing products may produce weak bronchodilating effects
