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Pharmo Review > Drugs Affecting the Nervous System > Flashcards

Drugs Affecting the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the nervous system

A

receive stimuli and transmit information to nerve centers to initiate an appropriate response.

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2
Q

Three types of neurons

A

Sensory, Associative, and Motor

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

rootlike structures that receive impulses and conduct them toward the cell body

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4
Q

Axon

A

Single process that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from cell body toward the synapse.

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5
Q

Synapse

A

space between a neuron and its receptor

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6
Q

two divisions of the nervous system

A

Central and Peripheral

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7
Q

function of the central nervous system

A

interpret information sent by impulses from the peripheral nervous system and return instructions through the PNS for appropriate actions.

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8
Q

the PNS consists of

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A

Increasing heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood flow to muscles. It also decreases GI function and causes pupillary dilation.

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10
Q

What region in the spine is the sympathetic nervous system found?

A

thoracic and lumbar region between T1 and L3

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11
Q

Sympathetic receptors include

A

alpha 1 - increases BP
alpha 2 - inhibits norepinephrine release in brain, resulting in sedation and analgesia
beta 1 - increases heart rate
beta 2- bronchodilation and dilation of skeletal blood vessels
dopaminergic - causes dilation of the vessels

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12
Q

alpha 1 and alpha 2 are responsible for

A

alpha 1 - increases BP

alpha 2 - inhibits norepinephrine release in brain, resulting in sedation and analgesia

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13
Q

beta 1 and beta 2 are responsible for

A

beta 1 - increases heart rate

beta 2- bronchodilation and dilation of skeletal blood vessels

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14
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system is also known as

A

homeostatic system or cholinergic system

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System is responsible for

A

Returning heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood flow to normal levels. Also returns GI and pupils back to normal.

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16
Q

The parasympathetic Nervous System is found

A

in the brain stem region and sacral segments

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17
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

Drugs that help prevent seizures

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18
Q

All anticonvulsants are classified as ____ and may cause ____

A

CNS depressants

ataxia, drowsiness, and hepatotoxicity

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19
Q

Barbiturates are classified into what three groups

A

ultra-short-acting
short-acting
long-acting

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20
Q

Phenobarbital classification ___ and works by ____

A

long acting

impairs chemical transmission of impulses across synapses in the brain stem

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21
Q

Barbiturates work by

A

impairing chemical transmission of impulses across synapses in the brain stem.

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22
Q

Increase in ____ is commonly seen in Phenobarbital

A

liver enzymes (especially alk phos and ALT)

23
Q

Side effects of Phenobarbital

A 
ataxia
drowsiness 
liver damage
respiratory depression
PU/PD
polyphagia
24
Q

Pentobarbital classification ___

A

short acting

25
Q

Side effects of Pentobarbital

A

irritating when given SQ
respiratory depression
hypothermia

26
Q

Primidone is structurally similar to ___

A

Phenobarbital

27
Q

Benzodiazepines are drugs that potentiate the effects of

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

28
Q

What is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

an inhibitory neurotransmitter that stabilizes nerve cell membranes.

29
Q

Benzodiazepines cause ___ and ___

A

muscle relaxation and relieve anxiety

30
Q

Diazepam (Valium) is a ___ that is a schedule ___ controlled substance

A

benzodiazepine

C-IV

31
Q

Diazepam works by ____

A

increasing GABA

32
Q

Side effects of Diazepam

A 
CNS excitement (paradoxical)
and weakness
33
Q

Lorazepam (Ativan) is a ____ and schedule ___ controlled substance

A

benzodiazepine

C-IV

34
Q

Side effects of Lorazepam

A

Increased appetite
Ataxia
Vocalization

35
Q

Clorazepate is a schedule ___ controlled substance

A

C-IV

36
Q

Clorazepate can also be used for

A

behavioral phobias

37
Q

Clorazepate side effects

A

sedation and ataxia

38
Q

Potassium Bromide is used when

A

seizures cannot be controlled by primidone or phenobarbital alone.

39
Q

Potassium Bromide’s antiseizure activity is due to

A

depressant effects on neuron excitability because bromide ions compete with chloride ion transport across cell membranes resulting in membrane hyperpolarization. which raises seizure threshold

40
Q

KBr should be handled with gloves because

A

it is toxic to people

41
Q

Side effects of KBr

A

electrolyte imbalance and vomiting

42
Q

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

A

Human medication - not used very often in vet med due to undesirable side effects (rapid decrease in BP)

43
Q

Add-ons

A

When a single anticonvulsant medication is no longer effective, safe, or well controlled, these are used

44
Q

Levetiracetam (Keppra)

A

Oral add on anticonvulsant

45
Q

How dows Keppra work?

A

By binding to a synaptic vesicle protein that affects neurotransmission, preventing propagations of seizure activity.

46
Q

Why is Keppra a valuable medication for animals with

A

hepatic toxicity - because it is not metabolized by liver

47
Q

How can Keppra be given?

A

Orally (long term control) or IV (for status epilipticus)

48
Q

Zonisamide (Zonegran)

A

Oral add on anticonvulsant

49
Q

How does Zonisamide work?

A

By blocking calcium and sodium channels in the brain and facilitating dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission.

50
Q

Gabapentin (Neurontin)

A

Oral add on anticonvulsant

51
Q

How does Gabapentin work?

A

By inhibiting calcium channels resulting in decreased excitatory neurotransmission.

52
Q

Gabapentin should be used with caution in patients with ___.

A

Renal insufficiency. (primarily excreted by the kidneys)

53
Q

Felbamate (Felbatol)

A

Oral add on anticonvulsant

54
Q

How does Felbamate work?

A

By potentiating GABA-mediated neuronal inhibition and inhibiting neuronal calcium channels.

Pharmo Review (5 decks)

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