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Applied physiology and pharmacology > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
Treat high altitude sickness.

Haemorrhage, metabolic acidosis.

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2
Q

Digoxin

A

Cardiac glycoside.
Treat heart failure.

Cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac conduction disorder.

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3
Q

Nifedipine

A

Calcium channel blocker.
Treat hypertension.
Treat high altitude sickness.

Tachycardia, headache, palpitations, peripheral oedema.

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4
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Antibiotic

Inhibition of folate metabolism and therefore DNA synthesis. It’s a 2,4-diaminopyridine.

Diarrhoea, electrolyte imbalance, headache.

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5
Q

Acyclovir

A

Guanosine analogue. TK substrate
Antiviral for Herpes (herpes has TK genes)

Depends on application method.
Oral - fever.

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6
Q

Doxazosin

A

Alpha adrenergic receptor blocker.
Treat hypertension.

Arrhythmias, headache, chest pain, dry mouth, GI discomfort.

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7
Q

Ondansetron

A

5-HT3 receptor antagonist (in GI and CNS).
Antiemetic in anaesthesia.

Constipation, feeling hot, headache, sensation abnormal.

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8
Q

Valproate

A

Used in chronic epilepsy management and bipolar
Prevent seizures
Block Na+ entry and increase GABA

Abdominal pain, agitation, haemorrhage, diarrhoea.

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9
Q

Adrenaline

A

Immediate treatment of anaphylactic shock.

Beta2 adrenoreceptor agonists (no longer used routinely in asthma).

Alpha and beta agonist – increases HR and contractility through beta 1, peripheral vasodilation through beta2, peripheral vasoconstriction through alpha.)

Many therapeutic effects, unwanted therapeutic effects can be considered side effects.

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10
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Anti-tumour antibiotic. Binds DNA, cause breaks and inhibits topoisomerase.

Chemo side-effects

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11
Q

Oseltamivir

A

Inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase.

Dizziness, GI discomfort, nausea, sleep difficulty.

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12
Q

Vecuronium

A

Neuromuscular blocking agent (adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia).

Flushing, hypotension.

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13
Q

Aminophylline

A

Methyl Xanthine (purine base) bronchodilator, inhibits PDE

Used for asthma

Headache, nausea, palpitations, seizure (IV administration)

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14
Q

Erythromycin

A

A macrolide. Binds to bacterial 50S ribosome complex and prevents tRNA entrance.

Bacterial resistance occurs through changes to ribosome.

GI discomfort, headache, insomnia.

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15
Q

Venlafaxine

A

Selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor.
Depression

Anxiety, decreased appetite, arrhythmias.

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16
Q

Paracetamol

A

Analgesic (not anti-inflammatory),

Inhibits specific COX for antipyretic and analgesic effects.

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17
Q

Amitriptyline

A

Tricyclic antidepressant.

Anticholinergic syndrome, drowsiness, QT interval prolongation.

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18
Q

Flucloxacillin

A

Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial
cell wall synthesis.

Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.

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19
Q

Penicillin

A

Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial
cell wall synthesis.

Bacterial resistance occurs through Beta-lactamases (enzymatic inactivation).

Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea,
skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.

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20
Q

Vincristine

A

Cytotoxic drug in cancer therapy.
Microtubule poison – block mitosis.
It is a vinca alkaloid.

Chemo side-effects

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21
Q

Amlodipine

A

Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker.
Treats hypertension.

Abdominal pain, headache, nausea, palpitations, tachycardia, dizziness, drowsiness.

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22
Q

Fluoxetine

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
Depression

Anxiety, decreased appetite, arrhythmias, impaired
concentration, fever.

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23
Q

Phenelzine

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

Anxiety, decreased appetite, arrhythmias, confusion, dry mouth

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24
Q

Warfarin

A

Anti-coagulant – prophylaxis and
treatment.

Inhibits reduction of vitamin K - so remains inactive - vitamin K cannot help synthesise clotting factors

Haemorrhage.

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25
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial
cell wall synthesis.

Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea,
skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.

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26
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop diuretic

Inhibits Na+ reabsorption at the TALH (blocks NKCC2)

Drug induced ototoxicity (toxic to ear).
Dizziness, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, headache, muscle spasms, nausea.

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27
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Alpha-1 agonist, vasoconstrictor in anaesthesia.

Arrhythmias, palpitations.

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28
Q

Zanamivir

A

Inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase.

Skin reactions.

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29
Q

Aspirin

A

Non-specific COX-inhibitor, pain relief, anti-inflammatory
Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis
Anti-thrombotic – blocks platelet TXA2 production (needs COX for synthesis

Drug induced ototoxicity.
Dyspepsia (indigestion), haemorrhage.

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30
Q

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycoside – inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes.

Drug induced ototoxicity.
Skin reactions, tinnitus.

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31
Q

Phenytoin

A

Anti-epileptic drug, acute response. Sodium channel blocking to inhibit repetitive spike firing

Vitamin D deficiency, bone disorders, confusion, cerebrovascular insufficiency.

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32
Q

Zidovudine (AZT)

A

Treat HIV, antiretroviral drug. NRTI thymidine analogue
Prevent mother-child spread during birth.

Abdominal pain, anaemia,
diarrhoea, fever, headache.

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33
Q

Atenolol

A

Selective beta-1-blocker.
Treats hypertension.

Bradycardia, confusion, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, fatigue.

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34
Q

Propanolol

A

Non-selective beta blocker
Hypertension
Anxiolytic

Bradycardia, confusion, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, fatigue, bronchial constrictions (not for asthmatics)

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35
Q

Glyceryl trinitrate

A

Treat heart failure and hypertension. Prophylaxis and
treatment of angina.

Arrhythmias, asthenia (weakness), cerebral ischaemia, dizziness, headache, hypotension, nausea.

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36
Q

Prazosin

A

Alpha 1 blocker used to treat hypertension.

Dizziness, headache, nausea, oedema, postural hypotension.

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37
Q

Atropine

A

Muscarinic antagonist, adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia, can treat bradycardia

Constipation, dry mouth, headache, nausea, anxiety, arrhythmias.

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38
Q

Glycopyrrolate

A

Muscarinic antagonist. Parasympatholytic, used in
anaesthesia.

Arrhythmias, constipation, headache, nausea, dry mouth

39
Q

Propofol

A

Intravenous general anaesthetic. (potentiates GABA)

Apnoea, arrhythmias, headache, hypotension, nausea.

40
Q

Beclomethasone

A

Inhaled steroid, treats asthma. Inhibits phospholipase A2

Headache, oral candidiasis, pneumonia (in COPD), altered voice and taste.

41
Q

Haloperidol

A

Typical antipsychotic – D2 receptor antagonists.

Arrhythmias, galactorrhoea, hyperprolactinaemia, insomnia, vomiting, weight gain.

42
Q

Bendroflumethiazide

A

Thiazide diuretic. Inhibits Na+ reabsorption at the DCT via blocking NCC
Treat hypertension.

Alkalosis hypochloraemic, postural hypotension, diarrhoea, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, headache.

43
Q

Heparin

A

Anti-coagulant. Binds to the enzyme inhibitor antithrombin III (AT) - activating it - ATIII is a serpin - degrades the clotting factors

Haemorrhage, thrombocytosis

44
Q

Raltegravir

A

HIV integrase inhibitor.

Restlessness, abnormal appetite and behaviour, depression, nausea.

45
Q

Imatinib

A

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks the abnormal BCR-ABL protein tyrosine kinase (this is the driver of
cell growth in chronic myeloid leukaemia).

Less side effects than non-specific chemotherapy

46
Q

Bupivacaine

A

Local anaesthetic often for epidurals binds VGNC

Arrhythmias, dizziness, paraesthesia, hypertension, hypotension, nausea.

47
Q

Ramipril

A

ACE inhibitor.
Treats hypertension.

Alopecia (hair loss), angioedema, arrhythmias, weakness, GI discomfort, cough

48
Q

Benzylpenicillin

A

Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.

49
Q

Ibuprofen

A

NSAID, anti-inflammatory, COX inactivation

Used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia.
Gastric ulcers.

50
Q

Rifampicin

A

Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase, inhibiting bacterial transcription.

Nausea, thrombocytopenia, vomiting.

51
Q

Buspirone

A 
5-HT1 agonist. Reduces release of 5-HT
Anxiolytic drug (short-term).

Abdominal pain, anger, concentration impaired, depression, fatigue, headache, nausea.

52
Q

Ipratropium

A

Muscarinic antagonist, bronchodilator.
Treat asthma, when sympathomimetics are problematic

GI disorders, headache, nasal/throat, complaints, epistaxis (nose bleed).

53
Q

Salbutamol

A

Beta 2-adrenoreceptor agonist, bronchodilator.
Treats asthma.

Also stimulates Na/K ATPase – uptake of K+.

Arrhythmias, headache, hypokalaemia, muscle spasms, nasopharyngitis, nausea, palpitations, rash, tremor.

54
Q

Carbamazepine

A

Management of chronic epilepsy. Mood stabiliser, bipolar

Na+ channel blocking

Dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, eosinophilia, fatigue, fluid imbalance.

55
Q

Isoflurane

A

Inhalational anaesthetic.

Agitation, apnoea, arrhythmias, chills, headache, hyper/hypotension, nausea.

56
Q

Saquinavir

A

HIV protease inhibitor.

Burping, constipation, dry lips.

57
Q

Chloroquine

A

Antimalarial.

Enters the digestive vacuole. Caps hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme, leading to heme buildup. This ultimately results in cell lysis and parasite cell auto digestion

Anxiety, AV block, depression diarrhoea, confusion, headache.

58
Q

Isonizid

A

Antibiotic to treat tuberculosis

59
Q

Sevoflurane

A

Inhalational anaesthesia

Agitation, arrhythmias, chills, headache, hyper/hypotension, respiratory disorders, vomiting

60
Q

Chlorpheniramine

A

Histamine antagonist.
Symptom relief of allergy e.g. hayfever, food. Itch in chickenpox.

Impaired concentration, abnormal coordination, dizziness, fatigue, headache, nausea, blurred vision.

61
Q

L-dopa

A

Dopamine replacement therapy.
After 5-10 years - on/off

Dyskinesias.

62
Q

Simvastatin

A

Statin – lipid-lowering drug. Competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase.

Asthenia (weakness), constipation, diarrhoea, dizziness, flatulence, GI discomfort, headache, nausea, thrombocytopenia, sleep difficulty.

63
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

Dopamine antagonist. Used as an antipsychotic.

Tardive dyskinesia.

64
Q

Lidocaine

A

Local anaesthetic, VGNC blocker used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia.

65
Q

Spironolactone

A

Aldosterone antagonist.
Potassium-sparing diuretic.

Acidosis hyperchloremia, acute kidney injury, hyperkalaemia.

66
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Antibiotic
Binds to DNA gyrase, quinolones. Inhibition of DNA synthesis.

Appetite decreased, weakness, constipation, diarrhoea, GI discomfort.

67
Q

Lithium

A

Mood stabiliser.

Many side effects arrhythmias, coma, electrolyte imbalance, weight increase.

68
Q

Streptokinase

A

Thrombolytic agents. Turn plasminogen into plasmin

Anaphylactic reaction, cardiogenic shock, chills, CNS haemorrhage, fever.

69
Q

Cisplatin

A

Alkylating cytotoxic drug. Intra-strand DNA crosslinks account for most of the cytotoxicity

Anaemia, arrhythmias, bone marrow failure, electrolyte imbalance, fever, sepsis.

70
Q

Losartan

A

Angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB)
Treat hypertension and heart failure.

Hyperkalaemia, hypotension, nausea, renal impairment,
weakness.

71
Q

Streptomycin

A

Aminoglycoside – inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes.

Skin reactions, tinnitus

72
Q

Clozapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic – 5-HT 2A subunit antagonist.

Agitation, amenorrhoea, arrhythmias, constipation, dry mouth, hypotension, Parkinsonism.

73
Q

Suxamethonium

A

Neuromuscular blocking agents. Used in anaesthesia for intubation

Arrhythmias, bradycardia, involuntary muscle contractions.

74
Q

Methotrexate

A

Chemotherapy metabolic inhibition of DNA synthesis – inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.

Anaemia, appetite decreased, fatigue, drowsiness, throat ulcers, thrombocytopenia.

75
Q

Codeine

A

Opioid agonist.

Arrhythmias, confusion, dry mouth, hypotension, nausea, vomiting.

76
Q

Sumatriptan

A

Pain relief for migraines.

Weakness, flushing, nausea, pain.

77
Q

Maraviroc

A

HIV entry inhibitor, binds CCR5.

Abdominal pain, anaemia, weakness, depression, headache.

78
Q

Cromoglicate

A

Prevents histamine release from mast cells.

Pneumonia eosinophilic.

79
Q

Naloxone

A

Reversal of opiate action – blocks their effects
Opiate withdrawal recovery

Arrhythmias, dizziness, nausea, hyper/hypothension, headache.

80
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Alkylating agent – chemically damages DNA.

Chemotherapy

81
Q

Temazepam

A

Benzodiazepine, used in anaesthesia.

Anxiolytic used as an adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia.

Altered alertness, ataxia, confusion, depression, GI disorder, headache, hypotension, nausea.

82
Q

NSAIDs

A

Analgesics, cyclo-oxygenase inhibition blocks prostanoid synthesis.

Stomach ulcers, cardiac arrest, renal failure.

83
Q

Morphine

A

Opiate analgesics. Used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia.

Arrhythmias, confusion, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, hypotension, nausea, palpitations, respiratory depression

84
Q

Cyclopentolate

A

Muscarinic antagonist, dilates pupil.

Dizziness, photophobia.

85
Q

Tamoxifen

A

Anti-oestrogen – oestrogen receptor modulator. Used for breast cancer

Thromboembolism, anaemia, cerebral ischaemia, diarrhoea.

86
Q

Tetracycline

A

Antibiotic aminoglycoside

Angiooedema, diarrhoea, headache

87
Q

Nicotine

A

Addictive, recreational drug. Can be used in nicotine
replacement therapy for those
quitting smoking.

Dizziness, headache, hyperhidrosis, nausea, palpitations, skin reactions, vomiting, weakness, cause GI discomfort.

88
Q

Diazepam

A

Benzodiazepine, used in anaesthesia.
Anti-anxiety

Facilitate GABA transmission

Altered alertness, ataxia, confusion, depression, GI disorder, headache, hypotension, nausea.

89
Q

Tramadol

A

Opiate receptor agonist.

Arrhythmias, confusion, dizziness, euphoric mood, hallucinations.

90
Q

Neostigmine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor. Used as an adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia.

Cramps, diarrhoea, hypersalivation/tearing, nausea, vomiting.

91
Q

Dexamethasone

A

Steroid, modulates protein
synthesis – reduced activity of phospholipase A2, reduced production of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF.

Used to treat high altitude sickness.

Anxiety, abnormal behaviour, Cushing’s syndrome, electrolyte imbalance.

92
Q

Trastuzumab

A

Therapeutic monoclonal antibody
against HER2 – used in breast and stomach cancers.

Cardiomyopathy, anxiety, arrhythmias, weakness, pain.

93
Q

Infliximab

A

TNF alpha antagonist chimeric monoclonal antibody

Rheumatoid arthritis

94
Q

Alirocumab

A

Anti PCSK9 monoclonal antibody binds PCSK9 before it can bind to LDL receptors and lead to their sequestering.

Applied physiology and pharmacology (18 decks)

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