Drugs Flashcards
Acetazolamide
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
Treat high altitude sickness.
Haemorrhage, metabolic acidosis.
Digoxin
Cardiac glycoside.
Treat heart failure.
Cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac conduction disorder.
Nifedipine
Calcium channel blocker.
Treat hypertension.
Treat high altitude sickness.
Tachycardia, headache, palpitations, peripheral oedema.
Trimethoprim
Antibiotic
Inhibition of folate metabolism and therefore DNA synthesis. It’s a 2,4-diaminopyridine.
Diarrhoea, electrolyte imbalance, headache.
Acyclovir
Guanosine analogue. TK substrate
Antiviral for Herpes (herpes has TK genes)
Depends on application method.
Oral - fever.
Doxazosin
Alpha adrenergic receptor blocker.
Treat hypertension.
Arrhythmias, headache, chest pain, dry mouth, GI discomfort.
Ondansetron
5-HT3 receptor antagonist (in GI and CNS).
Antiemetic in anaesthesia.
Constipation, feeling hot, headache, sensation abnormal.
Valproate
Used in chronic epilepsy management and bipolar
Prevent seizures
Block Na+ entry and increase GABA
Abdominal pain, agitation, haemorrhage, diarrhoea.
Adrenaline
Immediate treatment of anaphylactic shock.
Beta2 adrenoreceptor agonists (no longer used routinely in asthma).
Alpha and beta agonist – increases HR and contractility through beta 1, peripheral vasodilation through beta2, peripheral vasoconstriction through alpha.)
Many therapeutic effects, unwanted therapeutic effects can be considered side effects.
Doxorubicin
Anti-tumour antibiotic. Binds DNA, cause breaks and inhibits topoisomerase.
Chemo side-effects
Oseltamivir
Inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase.
Dizziness, GI discomfort, nausea, sleep difficulty.
Vecuronium
Neuromuscular blocking agent (adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia).
Flushing, hypotension.
Aminophylline
Methyl Xanthine (purine base) bronchodilator, inhibits PDE
Used for asthma
Headache, nausea, palpitations, seizure (IV administration)
Erythromycin
A macrolide. Binds to bacterial 50S ribosome complex and prevents tRNA entrance.
Bacterial resistance occurs through changes to ribosome.
GI discomfort, headache, insomnia.
Venlafaxine
Selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor.
Depression
Anxiety, decreased appetite, arrhythmias.
Paracetamol
Analgesic (not anti-inflammatory),
Inhibits specific COX for antipyretic and analgesic effects.
Amitriptyline
Tricyclic antidepressant.
Anticholinergic syndrome, drowsiness, QT interval prolongation.
Flucloxacillin
Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial
cell wall synthesis.
Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.
Penicillin
Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial
cell wall synthesis.
Bacterial resistance occurs through Beta-lactamases (enzymatic inactivation).
Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea,
skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.
Vincristine
Cytotoxic drug in cancer therapy.
Microtubule poison – block mitosis.
It is a vinca alkaloid.
Chemo side-effects
Amlodipine
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker.
Treats hypertension.
Abdominal pain, headache, nausea, palpitations, tachycardia, dizziness, drowsiness.
Fluoxetine
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
Depression
Anxiety, decreased appetite, arrhythmias, impaired
concentration, fever.
Phenelzine
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
Anxiety, decreased appetite, arrhythmias, confusion, dry mouth
Warfarin
Anti-coagulant – prophylaxis and
treatment.
Inhibits reduction of vitamin K - so remains inactive - vitamin K cannot help synthesise clotting factors
Haemorrhage.
Amoxicillin
Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial
cell wall synthesis.
Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea,
skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.
Furosemide
Loop diuretic
Inhibits Na+ reabsorption at the TALH (blocks NKCC2)
Drug induced ototoxicity (toxic to ear).
Dizziness, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, headache, muscle spasms, nausea.
Phenylephrine
Alpha-1 agonist, vasoconstrictor in anaesthesia.
Arrhythmias, palpitations.
Zanamivir
Inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase.
Skin reactions.
Aspirin
Non-specific COX-inhibitor, pain relief, anti-inflammatory
Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis
Anti-thrombotic – blocks platelet TXA2 production (needs COX for synthesis
Drug induced ototoxicity.
Dyspepsia (indigestion), haemorrhage.
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside – inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes.
Drug induced ototoxicity.
Skin reactions, tinnitus.
Phenytoin
Anti-epileptic drug, acute response. Sodium channel blocking to inhibit repetitive spike firing
Vitamin D deficiency, bone disorders, confusion, cerebrovascular insufficiency.
Zidovudine (AZT)
Treat HIV, antiretroviral drug. NRTI thymidine analogue
Prevent mother-child spread during birth.
Abdominal pain, anaemia,
diarrhoea, fever, headache.
Atenolol
Selective beta-1-blocker.
Treats hypertension.
Bradycardia, confusion, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, fatigue.
Propanolol
Non-selective beta blocker
Hypertension
Anxiolytic
Bradycardia, confusion, diarrhoea, dyspnoea, fatigue, bronchial constrictions (not for asthmatics)
Glyceryl trinitrate
Treat heart failure and hypertension. Prophylaxis and
treatment of angina.
Arrhythmias, asthenia (weakness), cerebral ischaemia, dizziness, headache, hypotension, nausea.
Prazosin
Alpha 1 blocker used to treat hypertension.
Dizziness, headache, nausea, oedema, postural hypotension.
Atropine
Muscarinic antagonist, adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia, can treat bradycardia
Constipation, dry mouth, headache, nausea, anxiety, arrhythmias.
Glycopyrrolate
Muscarinic antagonist. Parasympatholytic, used in
anaesthesia.
Arrhythmias, constipation, headache, nausea, dry mouth
Propofol
Intravenous general anaesthetic. (potentiates GABA)
Apnoea, arrhythmias, headache, hypotension, nausea.
Beclomethasone
Inhaled steroid, treats asthma. Inhibits phospholipase A2
Headache, oral candidiasis, pneumonia (in COPD), altered voice and taste.
Haloperidol
Typical antipsychotic – D2 receptor antagonists.
Arrhythmias, galactorrhoea, hyperprolactinaemia, insomnia, vomiting, weight gain.
Bendroflumethiazide
Thiazide diuretic. Inhibits Na+ reabsorption at the DCT via blocking NCC
Treat hypertension.
Alkalosis hypochloraemic, postural hypotension, diarrhoea, electrolyte imbalance, fatigue, headache.
Heparin
Anti-coagulant. Binds to the enzyme inhibitor antithrombin III (AT) - activating it - ATIII is a serpin - degrades the clotting factors
Haemorrhage, thrombocytosis
Raltegravir
HIV integrase inhibitor.
Restlessness, abnormal appetite and behaviour, depression, nausea.
Imatinib
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks the abnormal BCR-ABL protein tyrosine kinase (this is the driver of
cell growth in chronic myeloid leukaemia).
Less side effects than non-specific chemotherapy
Bupivacaine
Local anaesthetic often for epidurals binds VGNC
Arrhythmias, dizziness, paraesthesia, hypertension, hypotension, nausea.
Ramipril
ACE inhibitor.
Treats hypertension.
Alopecia (hair loss), angioedema, arrhythmias, weakness, GI discomfort, cough
Benzylpenicillin
Beta-lactams. Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, skin reactions, thrombocytopenia.
Ibuprofen
NSAID, anti-inflammatory, COX inactivation
Used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia.
Gastric ulcers.
Rifampicin
Inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase, inhibiting bacterial transcription.
Nausea, thrombocytopenia, vomiting.
Buspirone
5-HT1 agonist. Reduces release of 5-HT Anxiolytic drug (short-term).
Abdominal pain, anger, concentration impaired, depression, fatigue, headache, nausea.
Ipratropium
Muscarinic antagonist, bronchodilator.
Treat asthma, when sympathomimetics are problematic
GI disorders, headache, nasal/throat, complaints, epistaxis (nose bleed).
Salbutamol
Beta 2-adrenoreceptor agonist, bronchodilator.
Treats asthma.
Also stimulates Na/K ATPase – uptake of K+.
Arrhythmias, headache, hypokalaemia, muscle spasms, nasopharyngitis, nausea, palpitations, rash, tremor.
Carbamazepine
Management of chronic epilepsy. Mood stabiliser, bipolar
Na+ channel blocking
Dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, eosinophilia, fatigue, fluid imbalance.
Isoflurane
Inhalational anaesthetic.
Agitation, apnoea, arrhythmias, chills, headache, hyper/hypotension, nausea.
Saquinavir
HIV protease inhibitor.
Burping, constipation, dry lips.
Chloroquine
Antimalarial.
Enters the digestive vacuole. Caps hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme, leading to heme buildup. This ultimately results in cell lysis and parasite cell auto digestion
Anxiety, AV block, depression diarrhoea, confusion, headache.
Isonizid
Antibiotic to treat tuberculosis
Sevoflurane
Inhalational anaesthesia
Agitation, arrhythmias, chills, headache, hyper/hypotension, respiratory disorders, vomiting
Chlorpheniramine
Histamine antagonist.
Symptom relief of allergy e.g. hayfever, food. Itch in chickenpox.
Impaired concentration, abnormal coordination, dizziness, fatigue, headache, nausea, blurred vision.
L-dopa
Dopamine replacement therapy.
After 5-10 years - on/off
Dyskinesias.
Simvastatin
Statin – lipid-lowering drug. Competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase.
Asthenia (weakness), constipation, diarrhoea, dizziness, flatulence, GI discomfort, headache, nausea, thrombocytopenia, sleep difficulty.
Chlorpromazine
Dopamine antagonist. Used as an antipsychotic.
Tardive dyskinesia.
Lidocaine
Local anaesthetic, VGNC blocker used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia.
Spironolactone
Aldosterone antagonist.
Potassium-sparing diuretic.
Acidosis hyperchloremia, acute kidney injury, hyperkalaemia.
Ciprofloxacin
Antibiotic
Binds to DNA gyrase, quinolones. Inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Appetite decreased, weakness, constipation, diarrhoea, GI discomfort.
Lithium
Mood stabiliser.
Many side effects arrhythmias, coma, electrolyte imbalance, weight increase.
Streptokinase
Thrombolytic agents. Turn plasminogen into plasmin
Anaphylactic reaction, cardiogenic shock, chills, CNS haemorrhage, fever.
Cisplatin
Alkylating cytotoxic drug. Intra-strand DNA crosslinks account for most of the cytotoxicity
Anaemia, arrhythmias, bone marrow failure, electrolyte imbalance, fever, sepsis.
Losartan
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB)
Treat hypertension and heart failure.
Hyperkalaemia, hypotension, nausea, renal impairment,
weakness.
Streptomycin
Aminoglycoside – inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes.
Skin reactions, tinnitus
Clozapine
Atypical antipsychotic – 5-HT 2A subunit antagonist.
Agitation, amenorrhoea, arrhythmias, constipation, dry mouth, hypotension, Parkinsonism.
Suxamethonium
Neuromuscular blocking agents. Used in anaesthesia for intubation
Arrhythmias, bradycardia, involuntary muscle contractions.
Methotrexate
Chemotherapy metabolic inhibition of DNA synthesis – inhibits dihydrofolate reductase.
Anaemia, appetite decreased, fatigue, drowsiness, throat ulcers, thrombocytopenia.
Codeine
Opioid agonist.
Arrhythmias, confusion, dry mouth, hypotension, nausea, vomiting.
Sumatriptan
Pain relief for migraines.
Weakness, flushing, nausea, pain.
Maraviroc
HIV entry inhibitor, binds CCR5.
Abdominal pain, anaemia, weakness, depression, headache.
Cromoglicate
Prevents histamine release from mast cells.
Pneumonia eosinophilic.
Naloxone
Reversal of opiate action – blocks their effects
Opiate withdrawal recovery
Arrhythmias, dizziness, nausea, hyper/hypothension, headache.
Cyclophosphamide
Alkylating agent – chemically damages DNA.
Chemotherapy
Temazepam
Benzodiazepine, used in anaesthesia.
Anxiolytic used as an adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia.
Altered alertness, ataxia, confusion, depression, GI disorder, headache, hypotension, nausea.
NSAIDs
Analgesics, cyclo-oxygenase inhibition blocks prostanoid synthesis.
Stomach ulcers, cardiac arrest, renal failure.
Morphine
Opiate analgesics. Used as an adjuvant in general anaesthesia.
Arrhythmias, confusion, constipation, dizziness, dry mouth, hypotension, nausea, palpitations, respiratory depression
Cyclopentolate
Muscarinic antagonist, dilates pupil.
Dizziness, photophobia.
Tamoxifen
Anti-oestrogen – oestrogen receptor modulator. Used for breast cancer
Thromboembolism, anaemia, cerebral ischaemia, diarrhoea.
Tetracycline
Antibiotic aminoglycoside
Angiooedema, diarrhoea, headache
Nicotine
Addictive, recreational drug. Can be used in nicotine
replacement therapy for those
quitting smoking.
Dizziness, headache, hyperhidrosis, nausea, palpitations, skin reactions, vomiting, weakness, cause GI discomfort.
Diazepam
Benzodiazepine, used in anaesthesia.
Anti-anxiety
Facilitate GABA transmission
Altered alertness, ataxia, confusion, depression, GI disorder, headache, hypotension, nausea.
Tramadol
Opiate receptor agonist.
Arrhythmias, confusion, dizziness, euphoric mood, hallucinations.
Neostigmine
Cholinesterase inhibitor. Used as an adjuvant drug in general anaesthesia.
Cramps, diarrhoea, hypersalivation/tearing, nausea, vomiting.
Dexamethasone
Steroid, modulates protein
synthesis – reduced activity of phospholipase A2, reduced production of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF.
Used to treat high altitude sickness.
Anxiety, abnormal behaviour, Cushing’s syndrome, electrolyte imbalance.
Trastuzumab
Therapeutic monoclonal antibody
against HER2 – used in breast and stomach cancers.
Cardiomyopathy, anxiety, arrhythmias, weakness, pain.
Infliximab
TNF alpha antagonist chimeric monoclonal antibody
Rheumatoid arthritis
Alirocumab
Anti PCSK9 monoclonal antibody binds PCSK9 before it can bind to LDL receptors and lead to their sequestering.
