Drugs Flashcards
Alendronate
Bisphosphonate block enzyme in HMG-CoA reductase pathway and reduce osteoclast activity Tx: osteoporosis and Paget's disease SE: oesophageal ulcer and cancer Eg: Fosamax
Atenolol
Beta-blocker
Blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart
Tx: hypertension, angina
SE: heart failure, dizziness, depression, SOB
Eg: propranolol, bisoprolol
CI: pregnancy, asthma (bronchoconstriction)
Atracurium besilate
Neuromuscular-blocker
Blocks action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle
Tx: skeletal muscle relaxant in surgery and mechanical ventilation
SE: flushing of the skin and low blood pressure
CI: myasthenia gravis (paralysis)
Bendroflumethiazide
thiazide diuretic Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule by blocking the thiazide sensitive Na+-Cl- symporter Tx: hypertension SE: postural hypotension, dry mouth CI: pregnancy, alcohol
Cefuroxime
cephalosporin antibiotic
bactericidal- inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
Tx: meningitis, sepsis, UTIs, pneumonia
SE: C.diff infection, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Celecoxib
COX-2 selective NSAID
Tx: pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis.
SE: abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea, GI bleed.
Chloramphenicol
Antibiotic
Bacteriostatic- inhibits protein synthesis
Tx: meningitis in penicillin-allergic patients
SE: bone marrow suppression
Ciclosporin
Immunosuppressant
Reduces the inflammatory cytokines produced by T lymphocytes
Tx: psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s, nephrotic syndrome, organ transplants to prevent rejection
SE: hypertension, renal dysfunction, increased hair growth
Ciprofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic
Inhibits gram positive and negative bacterial cell division by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase
Tx: bone and joint infection, infectious diarrhoea, intra-abdominal infections, respiratory tract infections, UTIs.
SE: nausea, rash, tendon rupture
Co-amoxiclav
amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
penicillin antibiotic + beta-lactamase inhibitor
Tx: strep throat, pneumonia, cellulitis, UTIs.
CI: penicillin allergy
Diamorphine
strong opioid
prodrug for morphine (first pass metabolism) which binds to u-opioid receptors = euphoria, analgesia and anxiolytic effects
Tx: severe pain (analgesic ladder)
SE: constipation, respiratory depression, drowsiness, altered mental state, opioid withdrawal after long-term use, dry mouth, addiction
Tx for overdose: naloxone
Dalteparin
Low molecular weight heparin
anticoagulant - accelerates the inhibition of clotting factor Xa by binding to antithrombin
Tx: DVT and PE prophylaxis, MI
CI: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Dobutamine
beta-adrenergic agonist
Tx: cardiogenic shock, severe heart failure
Doxazosin
alpha-blocker
Tx: benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary retention
Ephedrine
decongestant
Tx: temporary relief of SOB, chest tightness and wheezing in asthma
Erythromycin
Macrolide antibiotic
bacteriostatic - inhibits protein synthesis
Tx: STIs (chlamydia trachomatis), Diphtheria (with anti-toxin), atypical pneumonia, non-C.diff infectious diarrhoea/gastroenteritis
SE: abdo cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea, prolonged QT
Ethinylestradiol
Oestrogen in combined oral contraceptive pill
Oestrogen receptor agonist (more resistant to first pass metabolism compared to estradiol)
Tx: birth control, menopausal symptoms
SE: breast enlargement and tenderness, headache, fluid retention, nausea
Furosemide
Loop diuretic
Inhibits the Na-K-Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending loop of the loop of Henle
Tx: heart failure, fluid retention in liver scarring and kidney disease
SE: photosensitivity, tinnitus, orthostatic hypotension
Ipratropium
Muscarinic antagonist (long acting), anticholinergic
similar to atropine
Blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and decreases the intracellular concentration of cGMP thereby inhibiting bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion.
Tx: COPD, asthma via inhaler/nebuliser
SE: dry mouth, cough, inflammation of airways
CI: atropine hypersensitivity, narrow angle glaucoma
Loperamide
u-opioid receptor agonist in the large intestine and reduces the tone of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the intestinal wall and suppresses the gastrocolic reflex
Tx: reduce the frequency of diarrhoea
CI: bloody diarrhoea (salmonella infection), acute exacerbation of ulcerative colitis and bacterial enterocolitis.
Metformin
Biguanide
activates AMP kinase
Decreases glucose production by the liver (hepatic gluconeogenesis) and increases insulin sensitivity of body tissues
Tx: diabetes mellitus type 2 (2nd line mgmt., 1st line drug)
SE: abdo pains, nausea, diarrhoea, hypoglycaemia
CI: severe renal impairment, known hypersensitivity to metformin and diabetic ketoacidosis
Methotrexate
DMARD, chemotherapy agent, immunosuppressant
Inhibits use of folic acid (needed for DNA synthesis)
Tx: lymphoma, osteosarcoma, leukaemia, breast cancer, lung cancer. AI: rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease
SE: folate deficiency anaemia, leukocytopenia, nausea, tiredness, increased risk of infection, mouth ulcers (ulcerative stomatitis)
CI: pregnancy (teratogenic)
Oxybutynin
Antimuscarinic, antispasmodic
Blocks the effect of acetylcholine on smooth muscle
Tx: overactive bladder (oral/topical)
SE: dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, trouble sleeping, UTIs
CIL narrow angle glaucoma
Brand name: ditropan
Paracetamol
Analgesic, antipyretic
Higher doses can be hepatotoxic
Tx overdose: N-acetylcysteine
Ramipril
ACEi
Decreases RAAS activity
Tx: hypertension (first line for <55yo non-afro Caribbean), heart failure, diabetic nephropathy
SE: dry cough (bradykinin), headache, dizziness, tiredness
CI: pregnancy, severe renal impairment, hypovolaemic patient, hypotensive patient
Rifampicin
rifamycin antibiotic
inhibits RNA synthesis in bacteria
Tx: TB (with isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide), leprosy, Legionnaire’s disease, prophylaxis in those exposed to meningococcal disease
SE: orange discolouration of urine, sweat and tears, nausea, D&V, loss of appetite
Hepatotoxic
Rivaroxaban
anticoagulant
inhibits activity of clotting factor Xa
Tx: DVT, PE
SE: bleeding, spinal haematoma, anaphylaxis
Salmeterol
Long acting Beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist
bronchodilator
Tx: bronchospasm symptoms (SOB, chest tightness, wheezing, coughing) in asthma and COPD
Should be used concurrently with inhaled corticosteroid like beclometasone
SE: dizziness, sinus infections, migraines
Sildenafil
aka Viagra
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor and hence reduces breakdown of intracellular cGMP
Tx: erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension
SE: headaches, heartburn, flushed skin, priapism
Tx for priapism: aspirate corpus cavernosum, if ineffective, inject phenylephrine
Suxamethonium
general anaesthetic- short-term paralysis
IV/IM
neuromuscular blocker
blocks action of acetylcholine on skeletal muscle
similar to atracurium besilate
Helps with tracheal intubation and electroconvulsive therapy
SE: hypotension, increased saliva production, muscle pain, rash
Tamsulosin
Alpha-blocker or alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blocker
relaxation of smooth muscle especially bladder to help with flow of urine in BPH
Tx: benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, passage of kidney stone
SE: sleepiness, dizziness, headache, sexual dysfunction, angioedema, orthostatic hypotension
Tramadol
Opioid
binds to u-opioid receptors on neurones, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
Tx: moderate pain
SE: constipation, itching, nausea, serotonin syndrome, seizures. addiction
CI: suicidal tendency, pregnancy
Amiodarone
antiarrhythmic drug
Tx: Atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia
Digoxin
cardiac glycoside
Tx: atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, heart failure
Anti-thyroid drug
carbimazole
Somatostatin analogue for acromegaly tx
octreotide or lanreotide
dopamine agonist
cabergoline
growth hormone antagonist
pegvisomant
calcium supplement
colecalciferol
What type of drug is rituximab and what does it target?
monoclonal antibody that targets CD20 protein on the surface of B cells
Drug treatment for osteoporosis
alendronate (bisphosphonate)
denosumab
teriparatide
Allopurinol
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
long-term treatment of gout
kidney stones
interferes with purine metabolism by inhibiting xanthine oxidase which converts xanthine to uric acid. Therefore it lower plasma uric acid levels and hence deposition in kidney/joints.
Drugs to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia.
alpha-block like Tamsulosin
5-alpha reductase inhibitors like finasteride
