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Parasitology A > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of a repellent.

A

DEET

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2
Q

When might you use a repellent? What is an example?

A

To try keep biting flies (e.g stable fly) off horse e.g citronella

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3
Q

Give an example of a chlorinated hydrocarbon.

A

DDT, Lindane, Dieldrin

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4
Q

Give an example of an OP and it’s use in animals.

A

Dichlorovos - used in flea collars

Tichlorphon - oral use for Gastrophilus spp.

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5
Q

OPs persist for a long time in the environment, and may accumulate. True or false?

A

False

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6
Q

How do OPs work?

A

Inhibit Acetylcholine esterase

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7
Q

Which persists longer in the environment - carbamates or OPs?

A

Carbamates

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8
Q

How do carbamates work?

A

Inhibit ACh-ester ase

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9
Q

What is an example of a carbamate and its use in animals?

A

Carbaryl - powder or spray for flea control

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action for formamidines?

A

Inhibit monoamine oxidase

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11
Q

What is an example of a formamidine and its use?

A

Amitraz - used in control of Rhiphicephalus australis

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12
Q

Which persists for longer in the environment - carbamates or pyrethroids?

A

Carbamates - pyrethroids degenerate after 24h

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13
Q

Why are synthetic pyrethroids more useful? What is one example and its use?

A

Longer half life.

E.g cypermethrin - backline treatment for lice in sheep

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14
Q

What are the three Avermectins? What bigger drug family do they belong to?

A

Ivermectin
Abamectin
Selamectin

ML’s

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15
Q

What is an example of a milbemycin?

A

Moxidectin

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16
Q

What is an example of a neo-nicitinoid and its mechanism of action?

A

Imidacloprid - blocks nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors

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17
Q

What class of chemical is Nitenpyram (capstar)?

A

A neo-nicitinoid

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18
Q

What is the active ingredient in Frontline and what chemical class is it?

A

Fipronil - a neo-nicitinoid

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19
Q

When might you use a growth regulator and what is one example?

A

Lufenuron - in a flea bomb

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20
Q

What is the mechanism of action for benzimadazole?

A

Inhibit polymerisation of tubulin

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21
Q

What generation and spectrum is thiabendazole?

A

Primary generation

Broad spectrum

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22
Q

Give an example of a secondary benzimidazole. What is the important difference between this and primary BZs?

A

Oxibendazole

Longer half life

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23
Q

Give an example of a tertiary benzimadazole and its use in animals

A

Fenbendazole

10x dose rate to kill migrating S. vulgaris larvae

5 daily doses to kill inhibited Ostertagia in cattle

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24
Q

Explain the ‘depot’ effect of BZ drugs in ruminants

A

Drug’s metabolites (e.g sulphoxide, sulphone)also have antihelmintic activity
After being absorbed across rumen, are metabolised and re-deposited into rumen where they can be re-absorbed again. Drug can have antihelmintic activity from lumen or from blood, in its original form or as a metabolite.

25
Q

Are tertiary BZs effective against inhibited Cyathostominae in horses?

A

No

26
Q

Are tertiary BZs effective at killing inhibited Ancyclostoma larvae in dogs?

A

No

27
Q

Can you inject BZs?

A

No - insoluble

28
Q

What is an example of an imidazothiazole?

A

Levamisole

29
Q

How does levamisole work?

A

Agonist at cholinergic receptors to cause spastic paralysis

30
Q

What is levamisole used for? Is there anything it doesnt cover, or any contraindications?

A

Treatment of all GINs and lungworms.

Ineffective against inhibited larvae and flatworms
Widespread resistance among trichostrongyles of sheep
Causes excitement in horses - not used

31
Q

Is levimasole ovicidal?

A

No

32
Q

Which has the wider safety margin - BZs or levimasole?

A

BZs. Levimasole safety index only 5

33
Q

What are two examples of tetrahydropyrimidines?

A

Morantel, pyrantel

34
Q

How does morantel work?

A

Depolarise motor end plates to cause spastic paralysis

35
Q

Give two important differences between morantel and levimasole.

A

Morantel - can use on horses (good against cestodes).

Levimasole - can use on lungworms (morantel ineffective)

36
Q

If a nematode becomes resistant to levamisole, it will also be resistant to ____ but not the other way around.

A

If a nematode becomes resistant to levamisole, it will also be resistant to morantel or pyrantel, but not the other way around.

37
Q

Which tetrahydropyrimidine is more commonly used in dogs and cats? Which parasites is it good for?

A

Pyrantel

Hookworms and whipworms

38
Q

How do macrocyclic lactones work?

A

Bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels with high affinity > increase Cl- conductance across cell membrane to cause flaccid paralysis > paralysed pharyngeal pump = cant eat, paralysed somatic muscles = can’t remain at predilection site

39
Q

What are the three modes of administration for MLs?

A

Oral, injectible, pour-on

40
Q

MLs are ___ safe and ____ potent than tetrahydropyrimidines.

A

MLs are more safe and more potent than tetrahydropyrimidines.

41
Q 
What is an advantage of each
- oral
- subQ and
- topical (pour on)
administration of MLs?
A

Oral: High drug concentration at intestinal site so good efficacy against GINs
SubQ: Flexible to modification with formula changes so can get extended activity
Pour on: Skin forms depot of drug for persistent action

42
Q

Of the abomasal nematodes in sheep, which are mostly susceptible to MLs and which are resistant?

A

Haemonchus and Ostertagia are commonly resistant to MLs

Trichostrongylus usually susceptible

43
Q

What is an important use for MLs in cattle? What is one example of a resistant nematode in cattle?

A

MLs can kill inhibited Ostertagia

Cooperia may be resistant

44
Q

Can you kill all inhibited cyathostomes in a horse using Moxidectin?

A

No - usually about 80% killed

45
Q

Give one example of a disadvantage of ML use.

A

Persists in dung so can kill arthropods (dung beetles) which means dung remains in environment longer

46
Q

True or false: Haemonchus is more resistant than Ostertagia or Trichostrongylus to OPs?

A

False - Haemonchus is more susceptible, higher doses needed for the other two

47
Q

Give an example of a heterocyclic compound and its use

A

Piperazine

Hookworms in dogs and cats
Oesophagostomum in pigs

48
Q

Give an example of a salicylanilide and its use in animals

A

Closantel

Haemonchus contortus in sheep - best against blood feeders, can’t penetrate cuticle

49
Q

How does closantel work?

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

What is an example of an octadepsipeptide and which animal might it be used in

A

Emodepside - dogs and cats

51
Q

What class of drug is monepantel?

A

Amino-acetonitrile derivative

52
Q

How does mopantel work?

A

Binds to nematode-specific nicotinic ACh receptor to cause spastic paralysis

53
Q

How safe is mopantel? What dose do goats usually need compared to sheep?

A

Very safe - >30 safety index

Goats need double sheep dose

54
Q

Which would you use against a Dictyocaulus infection in sheep - Monepantel or derquantel?

A

derquantel.

Monepantel ineffective against lungworms

55
Q

How does derquantel work?

A

Nicotinic antagonist causing flaccid paralysis

56
Q

What is the activity of derquantel like? Are there any species contraindications?

A

Not very effective against Ostertagia, oesophagostamum or chabertia. Medium spectrum - used in sheep in combination with abamectin.

TOXIC to horses

57
Q

What are two acceptable protocols for killing of encysted Cythastominae larvae in horses?

A

Fenbndazole at 10mg/kg/day for 5 days

Moxidectin @ 0.4mg/kg

58
Q

What is an acceptable protocol for treating a bitch for Ancyclostoma spp. encysted larvae, such that her puppies have the best possible protection from transmammary transmission?

A

fenbendazole at 50mg/kg/day from 3 weeks prepartum to 2-15 days post partum

Parasitology A (9 decks)

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