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organic chemistry > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Atropine

A

Poison

Tertiary amine, alcohol, ester

Found in Belladonna, henbane, jimsonweed, and mandrake

Can be use in dilute solutions to dilate the pupils of the eyes.

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2
Q

Quinine

A

Alkaloid

Alcohol, alkene, tertiary amine, pyridine ring

Treats malaria

Found in the bark of the cinchona tree in Peru and Bolivia

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3
Q

Strychnine

A

Alkaloid

Tertiary amide, ether, alkene, tertiary amine

From the seeds of the plant: Strychnos nux vomica

Used as rat poison

Is an intense stimulant, and is used in low dosage to counteract poisoning by central nervous system depressants

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4
Q

Morphine

A

Narcotics

Phenol, tertiary amine, alkene, ether, alcohol.

Comes from dried latex of the poppy plant

Most effective painkiller, but is a narcotic

Most narcotics are illegal

Morphine is restricted

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5
Q

Codeine

A

Narcotics

Ether

Used in cough syrups to ease throat pain

Same structure as morphine except ether substitutes phenol.

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6
Q

Oxycodone

A

Narcotics

Synthetic painkiller related to codeine

In time release tablet, addictive

Illegal narcotic; people would snort

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7
Q

Heroin

A

Synthesized from morphine

Ester

It’s less polar than morphine

More easily absorbed through the brain

When in the brain it is converted to morphine via ester hydrolysis

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8
Q

Morphine withdrawal symptoms

A

Insomnia

Restlessness

Headache

Tremors

Nausea and vomiting

Depressed mood

Abdominal pain

Intense craving for drug

Psychological dependence

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9
Q

Demerol and methadone

A

Substitutes of heroin

Still addictive

Demerol = tertiary amine, ester

Methadone = ketone, tertiary amine

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10
Q

Coniine

A

Poison

Secondary amine

Found in the hemlock plant

Socrates commuted suicide by drinking a cup of hemlock

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11
Q

Nalorphrine and Naloxone

A

Both alkenes

Narcotics

Heroin antagonists - block the effects of heroin

Structure is close to morphine and heroin, so it is able to fit in the same nerve receptor sites

Alkene is bonded to N and makes it inert

There is no pleasurable high from heroin, prevents psychological addiction

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12
Q

Nicotine

A

Stimulant

tertiary amine, pyridine ring

active ingredient in tobacco.

mild stimulant, not harmful in small doses, addictive

exposes smoker to other toxins (i.e. tars, carbon monoxide, ammonia, cyanide, and fused aromatic carcinogens

raises blood pressure and constricts arteries. May increase the risk of a blood clot blockage.

In large doses is a poison

Nicotine solutions are used as insectisides

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13
Q

Withdrawal symptoms from nicotine

A

headache, increased appetite, and nervousness

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14
Q

Caffeine

A

tertiary amine, secondary imine, tertiary amide

stimulant; stimulates the nervous system

found in coffee, tea, colas, and chocolate

sold over-the-counter

both an alkaloid and an amide

ring structure is based on purine, which is also found in two bases of DNA

reduces fatigue and restore mental alertness when unusual weakness or drowsiness occurs.

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15
Q

Which functional group is common to both nicotine and caffeine?

A

tertiary amine group

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16
Q

Amphetamines**

A

Stimulants

synthetic amines; powerful stimulants of the nervous system.

Amphetamine = primary amine
Methamphetamine = secondary amine

reduce fatigue and diminish hunger by raising the glucose level of the blood

Once used to counteract mild cases of depression

used to treat hyperactivity

once used as an appetite suppressant for weight loss

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17
Q

Ritalin

A

non-addictive

stimulates brain activity so the mind can focus on tasks.

treats hyperactivity in children

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18
Q

Epinephrine

A

phenol, alcohol, and secondary amine

stimulant

acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and a hormone in the bloodstream secreted by the adrenal gland

Can be injected into the hear and metabolism after cardiac arrest. Natural

activates flight or fight

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19
Q

Speed, ice, crank, crystal meth

A

methamphetamines

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20
Q

Negative effects of methamphetamine uses

A

dilated pupils

grinding of teeth

sweating

numbness

shortness of breath

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21
Q

Cocaine

A

Stimulant

tertiary amine, ester, ester

has a formula very similar to the poison atropine

comes from the leaves of the coca bush in Peru and Bolivia

reduces fatigue, permits greater physical endurance, and gives a feeling of tremendous confidence and power.

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22
Q

crack

A

is a cheap, smokeable form of cocaine. it has created many new addicts and causes great social and criminal problems

worst consequence is crack babies

23
Q

Local Anesthetics

A

cocaine was used for toothache and a local anesthetic for tooth extractions. It was replaced by synthetic compounds due to it’s toxicity

Procaine hydrochloride

Lidocaine

24
Q

Procaine hydrochloride

A

tertiary ammonium salt, ester

25
Q

lidocaine

A

secondary amide, tertiary ammonium salt

26
Q

Barbiturates

A

depressants

interlinked secondary amide groups

Adolph von Baeyer added urea to diethyl malonate in the presence of sodium ethoxide to form barbituric acid

found to have powerful physiological effects

Small doses - sedatives; tranquilizers

larger doses - induce sleep; anesthetics

The drug can cause convulsions if the R group on the barbiturate is too long or an alkyl group is bonded at one of the two nitrogens.

They are addictive

dangerous when combined with alcohol

called “downers” or “goofballs”

27
Q

Pentothal

A

thioamide

used as a general anesthetic by dentists. Takes effect i 15 minutes, and last 2-3 hours.

28
Q

Pentobarbital

A

takes over an hour to rake effect but lasts 6-10 hours

used to prepare patients for surgery

29
Q

secobarbital

A

alkene

used to prepare patients for surgery

30
Q

sodium pentothal

A

releases a patient’s inhibitions and will to resist, without putting him/her to sleep

functions as a truth serum.

31
Q

tranquilizers

A

Diazepam = secondary amide

Chlorazepate dipotassium = hydrate, acid salt

prescribed by physicians for the relief of anxiety disorders, in which anxiety impairs normal functioning

also prescribed for short-term relief of tress or tension. Addictive

32
Q

Hallucinogens

A

certain amines stimulate activity of the brain, distorting, sensory information, and causing vivid illusions, fantasies, and hallucinations.

Also called “psychedelic drugs”

“mindbenders”

33
Q

LSD

A

tertiary amine, secondary amine

Most powerful of these drugs

act on the brain because their structures resemble seratonin, a neurotransmitter

34
Q

Mescaline

A

ether, primary amine

act on the brain because their structures resemble seratonin, a neurotransmitter

35
Q

Hallucinogens

A

discovered in 1943 by Albert Hofmann

LSD is very potent

Lysergic acid is obtained from ergot

36
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

marijuana = alkene, phenol, ether

most widespread illegal drug in the U.S.

active ingredient - tetrahydrocannibinol

Cannabinoids are normally smoked

not addictive; no withdrawal symptoms

37
Q

physical effects of cannabis

A

reddening of the eyes

decreased intra-ocular pressure

mouth dryness

sensation of heat or cold

increased heart rate

relaxed muscles

38
Q

MDMA

A

“ecstasy”

produce strong feelings of comfort, empathy, euphoria, and decrease of inhibitions.

tied to the dance club/unground rave scene

taken orally in tablet form

“date rape drugs” – drugs used in sexual assault to disable the victim.

39
Q

GHB

A

alcohol, acid salt

liquid ecstasy

used as a recreational intoxicant like alcohol

developed as an anesthetic, found to be psychoactive, and was made illegal to possess or sell in the U.S.

lasts about 1 1/2 hours. costs $2

40
Q

psychoactive depressants

A

at lower doses, effects include relaxation, reduction of social inhibitions, decreased motor skills, mood lift, increased appreciation of music, and other effects similar to alcohol.

higher doses lead to dizziness, difficulty focusing the eyes, slurring of speech, nausea, and grogginess.

Overdose can cause convulsions, unconsciousness, and vomiting.

Increases the release of dopamine in the brain. Considered non-addictive.

41
Q

Ketamine

A

psychoactive depressant

secondary amine, ketone

veterinary anesthetic made illegal when it was found to be psychologically addictive and induce hallucinations.

usually snorted

suppresses the nervous system

negative effects include dry mouth, respiratory problems, impaired motor function, and nervousnes or racing heart.

paranoia

42
Q

Rohypnol

A

7-sided ring with tertiary amide

prescription-only sedative used to treat chronic insomnia

takes effect quickly within 10 minutes, and reaches its peak 8 hours later.

traces disappear after 24 hours

can be administered without victim’s knowledge

43
Q

side effects of rohypnol

A

hallucinations, vertigo, skin rashes, stomach upset, and changes in libido

44
Q

Aspirin

A

ester

most common pain reliever

produced by salicylic acid and acetic anhydride

causes severe irritation of the stomach

Baeyer division of Farben in Germany prepared the acetyl ester product in 1883

45
Q

effects of aspirin

A

relieves pain

reduces fever

reduces inflammation

thins the blood

46
Q

How can the effects of aspirin be bad?

A

thins the blood

overuse or genetic predisposition can lead to stomach ulcer

47
Q

side effects of aspirin

A

stomach upset

bleeding ulcers

allergic reactions

48
Q

tylenol

A

phenol, secondary amide

same effectiveness but does not reduce swelling

49
Q

aleve

A

ether, acid salt

does not thin the blood

50
Q

advil or Nuprin

A

Carboxylic Acid

relieves all the symptoms aspirin does.

51
Q

How do aspirin and ibuprofen work?

A

they inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins, which regulate blood pressure and cause inflammation and fever.

However, large quantities of these drugs inhibit prostaglandins too much, allowing formation of leukotrienes as a side effect

Leukotrienes trigger attacks in patients with asthma, so they should be prescribed acetaminophen rather than aspirin

52
Q

Penicillin

A

antibiotic

accidental discovery

acid salt, lactam, secondary amide

narrow spectrum anitibiotics – effective against only one strain of bacteria

53
Q

cephalosporins

A

acid salt, 6 sided sulfur containing ring

effective against multiple strains of bacteria

organic chemistry (12 decks)

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