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BS2013 > Drugs > Flashcards

Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What does 6-hydroxydopamine do?

A

Destroys adrenergic terminals.

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2
Q

What is 6-hydroxydopamine used for?

A

To create a parkinsonism model in animals

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3
Q

What is adrenaline used for?

A

To treat cardiac arrest

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4
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A beta receptor agonist

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5
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Stimulates beta adrenoceptors repolarising damaged/hypoxic myocardia by stimulating the Na/K pump

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6
Q

What is alprenolol?

A

A partial beta adrenoceptor antagonist

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7
Q

What does alprenolol do?

A

Blocks sympathetic stimulation without reducing resting HR

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8
Q

What is alprenolol used for?

A

Treat angina by decreasing cardiac oxygen consumption and to protect against MI

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9
Q

What is amiloride?

A

Potassium sparing diuretic

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10
Q

What does amiloride do?

A

Blocks the excretion of potassium into urine in the distal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

What is amiloride used for?

A

To treat hypertension

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12
Q

What is amitryptyline?

A

A tricyclic antidepressant and uptake 1 inhibitor

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13
Q

What does amitryptyline do?

A

Inhibits serotonin/NA reuptake

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14
Q

What is amitriptyline used for?

A

To treat major depressive disorder and anxiety

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15
Q

What is atenolol?

A

Beta 1 adrenoceptor antagonist

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16
Q

What does atenolol do?

A

blocks the sympathetic stimulation in the heart therefore decreases HR, automacity and force and increases cardiac efficiency

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17
Q

What is atenolol used for?

A

To treat angina by decreasing oxygen consumption and after MI to protect against arrhythmia

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18
Q

What is bendrofluazide?

A

Early distal tubule diuretic

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19
Q

What is bendrofluazide used for?

A

To treat hypertension

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20
Q

How does bendrofluazide work?

A

It inhibits the NA-Cl co-transporter

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21
Q

What is Captopril?

A

ACE inhibitor

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22
Q

What does captopril do?

A

Prevents ACE converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, preventing it raising BP

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23
Q

What is captopril used for?

A

Treat hypertension

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24
Q

What is carbidopa used for?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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25
Q

How does carbidopa work?

A

It inhibits DOPA decarboxylase in the periphery, meaning that more DOPA can cross the blood brain barrier to be converted into dopamine compensating for the lost dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease.

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26
Q

What is clonidine?

A

alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist

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27
Q

What does clonidine do?

A

Activates alpha 2 adrenoceptors therefore decreases the amount of NA released from the pre-synaptic neuron

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28
Q

What is dilitiazem?

A

Benzothiazepine (calcium channel blocker), and Vaughan Williams class IV drug

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29
Q

What does dilitiazem do?

A

Stabilises mode 0 of L-type calcium channels which are located in the heart and on smooth muscle. It has a strong depression on AV node conduction and decreases force of contraction in the heart and suppresses ectopic beats.

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30
Q

What is dilitiazem used for?

A

Treat hypertension, tachycardia and angina (both cardiac and smooth muscle function)

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31
Q

What is dobutamine?

A

Beta 1 adrenoceptor agonist

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32
Q

What does dobutamine do?

A

Stimulates B1 adrenoceptors in the CV system therefore increases contractility of the heart

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33
Q

When is dobutamine used?

A

After cardiac surgery and in acute management of cardiac arrest

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34
Q

What does DOPA do?

A

Is converted to dopamine

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35
Q

What is DOPA used for?

A

To treat Parkinson’s Disease

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36
Q

What is furosemide?

A

Loop acting diuretic

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37
Q

How does furosemide work?

A

Inhibits the Na-K-2Cl symporter on the ascending renal tubule. It also has vasodilator action.

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38
Q

What is furosemide used to treat?

A

Hypertension

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39
Q

What is guanethidine?

A

Adrenergic neuron blocker

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40
Q

What does guanethidine do?

A

It is taken up by uptake 1 along with NA then competes with NA to be taken up into storage vesicles, as it has a higher affinity for the pump NA stored decreases. It also acts to interfere with depolarisation secretion coupling by opening voltage gated sodium channels

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41
Q

What is guanethidine used for?

A

To treat hypertension in an emergency

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42
Q

What is imipramine?

A

A tricyclic antidepressant - Uptake 1 inhibitor

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43
Q

What is imipramine used for?

A

Major depressive disorder

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44
Q

What does imipramine do?

A

Inhibits serotonin-NA reuptake

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45
Q

What is Isoprenaline?

A

Beta adrenoceptor agonist

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46
Q

What does isoprenaline do?

A

Stimulate beta adrenoceptors in the heart generating automacity

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47
Q

What is isoprenaline used for?

A

Treatment of heart block

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48
Q

What is losartan?

A

AT1 competitive antagonist

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49
Q

What does losartan do?

A

Competes with angiotensin II for AT1 receptor in vascular and myocardial tissue and smooth muscle

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50
Q

What is losartan used for?

A

Treat hypertension

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51
Q

What is methoxamine?

A

Alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonist

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52
Q

What is methoxamine used for?

A

Treat hypertension and shock

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53
Q

What does methoxamine do?

A

Agonist of alpha 1 adrenoceptors therefore stimulates vasoconstriction

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54
Q

What is methyl dopa?

A

Alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonist

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55
Q

What does methyldopa do?

A

Agonist of alpha 2 adrenoceptors therefore decreases the amount of NA released from the pre-synaptic neuron

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56
Q

What is methyldopa used for?

A

Treat hypertension

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57
Q

What is Nifedipine

A

a Dihydropyridine - calcium channel blocker

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58
Q

What does Nifedipine do?

A

Stabilises mode 0 of L-type calcium channels located on smooth muscle causing vasodilation

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59
Q

What is Nifedipine used for?

A

Treat hypertension and angina (smooth muscle function)

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60
Q

What is Oxymetazoline?

A

Intranasal alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonist

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61
Q

What is oxymetazoline used for?

A

Nasal decongestion

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62
Q

What is phenylephrine?

A

alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonist

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63
Q

What does phenylephrine do?

A

Agonist of alpha 1 adrenoceptors therefore stimulates contraction of arterial smooth muscle

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64
Q

What is phenylephrine used for?

A

Treat hypotension and shock

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65
Q

What is prazosin?

A

Alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist

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66
Q

What is prazosin used for?

A

Treat hypertension

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67
Q

What does prazosin do?

A

Antagonist of alpha 1 adrenoceptors therefore blocks NA induced vasodilation

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68
Q

What is propranolol?

A

Beta adrenoceptor antagonist

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69
Q

What does propranolol do?

A

Blocks the sympathetic stimulation to the heart therefore decreases HR, auutomacity and force and increases cardiac efficiency

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70
Q

What is propranolol used for?

A

Treat Angina by decreasing oxygen consumption and after MI to protect against arrythmia

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71
Q

What is Reserpine?

A

Adrenergic Neuron Blocker

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72
Q

What does Reserpine do?

A

It is taken up by NA uptake 1 along with NA. It then binds to NA pump on the storage vesicles in the pre-synaptic axon preventing them concentrating `NA therefore there is less NA available for release

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73
Q

What is Reserpine used for?

A

Treat hypertension

74
Q

What is Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)?

A

A nitrovasodilator

75
Q

What does Sodium nitroprusside do?

A

Breaks down NO which stimulates guanylate cyclase ina rterial smooth muscle this increases cGMP production which activates PKG causing relaxation

76
Q

What is SNP used for?

A

Treat hypertensive emergency

77
Q

What is timolol?

A

a beta adrenoceptor antagonist

78
Q

What is timolol used for?

A

To treat glaucoma

79
Q

What is verapamil?

A

A phenethylaklamine - calcium channel blocker or a VW class IV

80
Q

What does Verapamil do?

A

Stabilises mode 0 of L-type calcium channels which are located in the heart. This causes a decrease in force of contraction and a slowing of conduction in the SA and AV node. It also suppresses ectopic beats

81
Q

What is verapamil used for?

A

Treat hypertension, tachycardia and angina (mainly cardiac action)

82
Q

What is Yohimbine?

A

alpha 2 adrenoceptor antagonist

83
Q

What does yohimbine do?

A

Antagonist of the alpha 2 adrenoceptors therefore increases the amount of NA released from the pre-synaptic neuron

84
Q

What was yohimbine used for?

A

Was important in developing our understanding of NA’s autoregulatory system

85
Q

What is alpha methyl DOPA?

A

A false substrate

86
Q

What is alpha methyl DOPA used for?

A

Treat hypertension

87
Q

What does alpha methyl DOPA do?

A

It is an analogue of DOPA which acts as a false substrate for DOPA decarboxylase leading to accumulation of alpha methyl dopamine. This is then cconverted to alpha methylNA by dopamine beta hydroxylase. Alpha methylNA is more resistant to metabolism than normal NA therefore is more of the abnormal compound than NA. alpha methylNA is a selective agonist therefore less beta receptors are activated leading to a decreased response

88
Q

What is alpha methyltyrosine?

A

A competitive inhibitor

89
Q

What does alpha methyl tyrosine do?

A

An analogue of tyrosine which competitively inhibits tyrosine dehydroxylase preventing de novo synthesis of NA

90
Q

What is alpha methyl tyrosine used for?

A

Treat hypertension

91
Q

What is digoxine?

A

Cardiac glycoside

92
Q

What is digoxine used for?

A

Treat AF, heart failure associated with AF

93
Q

What does digoxine do?

A

It inhibits the NA/K ATPase which prevents Ca reducing after contraction increasing force, increases vagal activity decreasing HR

94
Q

What is lignocaine?

A

A Vaughan Williams Class 1b drug

95
Q

What is lignocaine used for?

A

Anti-arrythmic

96
Q

How does lignocaine work?

A

Binds to the alpha subunit of open channels during phase 0 of the AP then dissociates from them before the next AP begins, it is considered fast-binding

97
Q

What is flecainide?

A

A Vaughan Williams Class 1c

98
Q

What is flecainide used for?

A

Anti-arrhythmic

99
Q

How does flecainide work?

A

Binds to the alpha subunit of calcium channels and reaches a steady block. It is considered as slow binding

100
Q

What is Amiodarone?

A

A Vaughan Williams Class III drug

101
Q

What does Amiodarone do?

A

Prolong the cardiac AP affecting the maximum frequency, blocks K channels

102
Q

What is amiodarone used for?

A

Anti-arrythmic

103
Q

What is adenosine used for?

A

Treat supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)

104
Q

What does adenosine do?

A

Shortens the refractory period

105
Q

What is glyceryl trinitrate?

A

An organic nitrate

106
Q

What does glyceryl trinitrate do?

A

Causes vasodilation by stimulating PKG which decreases blood return to the heart, therefore cardiac workload and decreases BP. Improves collateral flow

107
Q

What is glyceryl trinitrate used for?

A

Anti-angina or against MI

108
Q

What is Nicorandil?

A

an organic nitrate and Katp opener

109
Q

What does nicorandil do?

A

Causes vasodilation by stimulating PKG which decreases blood return, cardiac workload and BP. It also improves collateral flow. Additional it opens Katp channels therefore reduces Ca entry leading to further relaxation and vasodilation this is synergestic with the ATP-ADP ratio therefore dilation is greatest in ischaemic regions

110
Q

What is aspirin?

A

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

111
Q

What does aspirin do?

A

It has anti-platelet action preventing thrombus formation it also inhibits cyclooxygenase

112
Q

What is aspirin used for?

A

Preventative or MI and pain relief

113
Q

What do statins do?

A

Interfere with the bodies ability to produce cholesterol therefore reduce atherosclerosis

114
Q

What is streptokinase?

A

A pro-drug

115
Q

What does streptokinase do?

A

It gets rid of clots by complexing with plasminogen to form a fibronylitic agent

116
Q

What is streptokinase used in?

A

MI

117
Q

What is iodine 131 used for?

A

Treat hyperthyroidism

118
Q

What is bosentan?

A

Antagonist to the ETA receptors

119
Q

What does bosentan treat?

A

Hypertension

120
Q

What is metformin used for?

A

Treat type 2 diabetes

121
Q

How does metformin work?

A

It reduces hepatic glucose release by decreasing gluconeogenesis via inhibition of the mitochondrial complex 1 leading to activation of the energy sensing kinase AMP-activated protein kinase and inhibition of gluconeogenic genes

122
Q

What is tolbutamide?

A

A first generation sulphonylurea

123
Q

What does tolbutamide do?

A

Modulates ATP sensitive K channel by binding to SUR component increasing insulin secretion

124
Q

What does tolbutamide treat?

A

Type 2 diabetes

125
Q

What is glipizide?

A

second generation sulphonylurea

126
Q

What does glipizide do?

A

Modulates the ATp sensitive K channel by binding to the SUR component increasing insulin secretion

127
Q

What are meglinitides?

A

Compounds that also binds to the SUR component of ATP sensitive potassium channels

128
Q

What is rosiglitazone?

A

Thiazolidinedione

129
Q

What does rosiglitazone do?

A

Activates the TF PPARgamma causing increased expression of insulin sensitive genes such as GLUT 4 and lipoprotein lipase

130
Q

What is acarbose?

A

An alpha glucosidase inhibitor

131
Q

What does acarbose do?

A

Delays absorption of carbohydrates by inhibiting alpha amylase, maltose, dextrose, isomaltase, glycoamylase and sucrose. Causing a decrease in post-prandial plasma glucose concentration

132
Q

What is acarbose used to treat?

A

Type 2 diabetes

133
Q

What is liraglutide?

A

A GLP-1 analog

134
Q

What does liraglutide do?

A

Decreases blood glucose concentration by increasing insulin secreted and slowing the rate of absorption of nutrients. It also inhibits glucagon release and increases satiety

135
Q

What is liraglutide used to treat?

A

Type 2 diabetes

136
Q

What is sitagliptin?

A

A DPP4 inhibitor

137
Q

What does sitagliptin do?

A

Inhibit DPP4 therefore more incretins are in the system which decreases blood glucose

138
Q

What is sitagliptin used to treat?

A

Type 2 diabetes

139
Q

What is exenatide?

A

An agonist of the GLP-1 receptor

140
Q

What does exenatide do?

A

Decreases blood glucose concentration by increasing insulin secreted and slowing the rate of absorption of nutrients. It also inhibits glucagon release and increases satiety

141
Q

What are the types of drugs used to treat Type 2diabetes?

A 
Metformin
Sulphonylureas
Thiazolidinediones
Alpha glucosidease inhibitors
GLP and GIP and DPP4 associated
Exenatide
142
Q

What is salbutamol?

A

Beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonist

143
Q

What does salbutamol do?

A

Causes bronchodilation

144
Q

What is salbutamol used to treat?

A

Asthma

145
Q

What is tamoxifen?

A

Oestrogen nuclear receptor antagonist

146
Q

What does tamoxifen do?

A

Treat breast cancers caused by overstimulation of the oestrogen receptors

147
Q

What is tetrodotoxin?

A

A voltage gated sodium channel blocker

148
Q

What does ibruptofen do?

A

Inhibits cyclooxygenase

149
Q

What is enalapril?

A

ACE inhibitor

150
Q

What does enalpril do?

A

It is a pro-drug converted to enaliprat by esterase and treats hypertension by inhibiting the ACE enzyme

151
Q

What do amphetamines do?

A

Act as a false substrate to Mono amine transporters particularly NA uptake 1 causing overstimulation of the neurones

152
Q

What does cocaine do?

A

Act as an inhibitor to monoamine transporters particularly NA uptake 1 causing overstimulation of the neurones

153
Q

What is alpha conotoxin?

A

Antagonist of the nicotinic ACh receptor

154
Q

What is Ketamine?

A

NMDA receptor agonist

155
Q

What is ethanol?

A

GABAa receptor agonist causes hyperpolarization

156
Q

What does cholera do?

A

Causes continuous activation of Gs

157
Q

What does dimercaprol do?

A

It is a chemical antagonist which is used as a chelating agent in heavy metal poisoning

158
Q

What does infliximab do?

A

A chemical antagonist which mops up cytokines to prevent inflammation/pain

159
Q

What is an opiate?

A

Pharmacokinetic antagonist that reduces absorption by the oral route

160
Q

Name an alpha 1 adrenoceptor antagonist

A

Prazosin

161
Q

Name an ACE inhibitor

A

Enalapril

Captopril

162
Q

Name an adrenergic neuron blocker

A

Guanethidine

Reserpine

163
Q

Name an agonist of the GLP-1 receptor

A

Exenatide
GLP-1
Liraglutide

164
Q

Name an ETA antagonist

A

Bosentan

165
Q

Name an AT1 competitive antagonist

A

Losartan

166
Q

Name a Calcium channel blocker

A

Dilitiazem

Nifedipine

167
Q

Name a cardiac glycoside

A

Digoxine

Ouabain

168
Q

Name a chemical antagonist

A

Dimercaprol

Infiximab

169
Q

Name a DHP

A

Nidefipine

170
Q

Name a DPP4 inhibitor

A

Stiagliptin

171
Q

Name an early distal tubule diuretic

A

Bendrofluazide

172
Q

Name a false substrate

A

alpha methyl DOPA

Amphetamine

173
Q

Name a sulphonylurea

A

Tolbutamide
Glibencamide
Glipizide

174
Q

Name a GABAa receptor agonist

A

Ethanol
Barbiturate
Neurosteriods
Benzodiazepine

175
Q

Name an alpha 1 adrenoceptor agonist

A

Oxymetazoline

176
Q

Name a loop acting diuretic

A

Furosemide

177
Q

Name a muscarinic receptor antagonist

A

Atropine

178
Q

Name a nicotinic receptor antagonist

A

Alpha-conotoxin

179
Q

Name a nitrovasodilator

A

SNP

180
Q

Name an organic nitrate

A

Glyceryl trinitrate
Isosorbide mononitrate
Nicorandil

181
Q

Name a potassium sparing diuretic

A

Amiloride

182
Q

Name a pro-drug

A

Streptokinase

BS2013 (2 decks)

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