Drugs Flashcards
Importation (s5 Customs and Excise Act 2018)
In relation to any goods, means the arrival of the goods in NZ in any manner, whether lawfully or unlawfully, from a point outside NZ…
Saxton v Police (import)
To import includes “to introduce from abroad or to cause to be brought in from a foreign country”.
R v Strawbridge
Knowledge will be presumed if there is no evidence to the contrary. The onus is on the accused to prove no knowledge.
Importation process
Begins at point of origin and continues until drugs reach ultimate destination in NZ. Criminal liability begins as soon as the drugs cross border. Importer may be convicted even if drugs are intercepted. Offence continues while goods are in transit to their final destination and available to consignee.
R v Hancox (importation)
Importation does not cease as the aircraft or vessel enters NZ territorial limits. Importation is a process. The element of importing exists from the time the goods enter NZ until they reach their ultimate destination… when they have ceased to be under the control of the appropriate authorities and have become available to the consignee or addressee.
Mens rea - importing
Prove that:
- Knew about the importation AND
- Knew the imported substance was a controlled drug AND
- Intended to cause the importation
New Zealand (s5 Customs and Excise Act 2018)
Means the land and the waters enclosed by the outer limits of the territorial sea of NZ.
The outer limit of the territorial sea is 12 nautical miles from the land mass of NZ.
Controlled drug (s2 MODA)
Any substance, preparation, article or mixture specified or described in schedule 1, 2, or 3 to this Act; and includes any controlled drug analogue.
Police v Emirali
Possession doesn’t extend to some minute or useless residue, must be usable quantity.
R v Rua
‘Produce’ and ‘manufacture’ broadly cover the creation of controlled drugs by some form of process which changes the original substance into a particular controlled drug.
Produce
To bring something into being, or to bring something into existence from its raw materials or elements.
Includes ‘compound’ - to create a whole by mixing or combining two or more elements or parts.
Manufacture
The process of synthesis; combining components or processing raw materials to create a new substance.
E.g. meth from pseudo, heroin from morphine
Offence of produce/manufacture is complete…
Once the prohibited substance is created, whether or not in usable form.
s29B MODA 1975
Deals with producing cannabis preparations (renders cannabis unrecognisable as plant material, e.g. cannabis oil, or weed brownies).
Prosecution must prove that the preparation contains THC.
To ‘supply’
To furnish something that is needed or desired.
s2 - includes distribute, give, and sell.
R v Maginnis (supply)
Supply is more than the transfer of physical control. Includes enabling the recipient to apply the thing for the purposes for which he desires.
Distribute
To supply drugs to multiple people.
R v Brown (offers to supply)
Offers to supply - defendant is guilty if:
1. Offers to supply a drug he has on hand
2. Offers to supply a drug that will be procured at some future date
3. Offers to supply a drug that he mistakenly believes he can supply
4. Offers to supply a drug deceitfully, knowing he will not supply that drug
Offence of supply exists when the offer is made with the intention it should be understood as genuine. May be conveyed in any manner, including by words, writing, or gestures.
Otherwise deals
Other than distributing, giving or selling it, administering it or offering to supply or administer. E.g. barter or exchange.
Possession
Must prove physical and mental element.
Actual or potential physical custody or control, and knowledge and intent.
Potential custody or control
s2(2) - possession includes anything subject to his control which is in the custody of another, e.g. storing drugs at a friends house.
Knowledge and intent
Knowledge = awareness that substance is in possession, and knowledge that it is a controlled drug.
Intent = willingness to possess/intend to exercise possession
Components that provide knowledge of existence
- Defendant must be aware they possess the substance
- Defendant identifies the substance as a controlled drug, even if no substance to prove
- Physical custody presumes knowledge, unless otherwise proven
Knowledge and intent, establish:
- Know they have the substance
- Know the substance’s nature or qualities (s29 - mistaken beliefs)
- Intend to use the substance in a way that allows you to charge them with possession.
R v Cox (possession)
Possession involves two elements.
Physical - actual or potential physical custody or control
Mental - combination of knowledge and intention: knowledge that substance is in his possession, and an intention to exercise possession.
Control
To exercise authoritative or dominating influence or command over it.
Crown must prove (possession)
- Knowledge that the drug exists
- Knowledge that it is a controlled drug
- Actual physical control or some degree of control over it
- An intention to possess it
Intent
Deliberate act to get a specific result
R v Collister (intent)
Circumstantial evidence from which an offender’s intent may be inferred can include:
- The offender’s actions and words before, during and after the event
- The surrounding circumstances
- The nature of the act itself
Intent inferred from…
- Admissions
- Circumstantial evidence (packaging, scales, cash, tick lists etc)
- The statutory presumption under section 6(6)