Drugs Flashcards
1
Q
ALENDRONATE (ALENDRONIC ACID):
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
- Side effects:
- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: bisphosphonates (others = clodronate, risedronate)
- Administration: oral tablets
- Mode of action: inhibits osteoclast mediated bone resorption by inhibiting the enzyme FPP synthase = prevents further reduction in bone mass
- Indications: osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, osteogenesis imperfecta (>18y)
- Side effects: ulceration of the oesophagus, skin rash, muscle/joint pain, osteonecrosis of jaw
- Contra-indications: GI inflammation, oesophagus malfunction, renal impairment, hypocalcaemia, pregnancy
2
Q
ATENOLOL:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: beta-blockers (others = bisoprolol, metoprolol)
- Administration: oral tablets
- Mode of action: binds to beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle, inhibiting sympathetic stimulation
- Indications: hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, myocardial infarction
- Side effects: dry eyes, rash, bradycardia, bronchospasm, hyper/hypoglycaemia, sexual dysfunction, sleep disturbance
- Contra-indications: asthma, cardiogenic shock, hypotension, bradycardia, uncontrolled heart failure
3
Q
ATRACURIUM:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
- Side effects:
- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: non-polarising neuromuscular blocker
- Administration: IV injection
- Mode of action: binds competitively with cholinergic receptor sites to antagonise acetylcholine action
- Indications: neuromuscular blockade
- Side effects: acute myopathy, bronchospasm, hypotension, seizures, skin flushing, tachycardia
- Contra-indications: electrolyte and fluid disorders
4
Q
BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
- Side effects:
- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: thiazide diuretic (others = hydrochlorothiazide)
- Administration: oral tablets
- Mode of action: inhibits Cl reabsorption at early distal tubule, results in increase of Na, Cl and water excretion
- Indications: hyperkalaemia, hypertension, oedema, urinary tract disorders
- Side effects: gout, hypercalcaemia, hyperglycaemia, metabolic and electrolyte disturbances
- Contra-indications: Addison’s disease, hypercalcaemia, hyponatraemia, hyperuricaemia
5
Q
CEFUROXIME:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
- Side effects:
- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: cephalosporin abx (2nd generation)
- Administration: oral tablet/solution, IV/IM injection
- Mode of action: inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis -> death due to lysis
- Indications: Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive infections, gonorrhoea, haemophilus, CNS infections
- Side effects: C. diff infection, diarrhoea, N+V, headaches/migraines, dizziness
- Contra-indications: cephalosporin hypersensitivity
6
Q
CELECOXIB:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: NSAID (others = ibuprofen, aspirin)
- Administration: oral capsules
- Mode of action: inhibits Cox-2 cyclooxygenase -> inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
- Indications: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute pain, colorectal polyps
- Side effects: dyspnoea, flu-like symptoms
- Contra-indications: active GI bleeds, GI ulceration, CV disease, inflammatory bowel disease, IHD/heart failure
7
Q
CHLORAMPHENICOL:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: Abx
- Administration: IV injection, oil suspension, eye drops
- Mode of action: bacteriostatic – inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with substrate binding
- Indications: conjunctivitis, meningitis, plague, cholera, typhoid
- Side effects: high incidence of sensitivity (in ears), transient eye stinging
- Contra-indications: acute poryphias
8
Q
CICLOSPORIN:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: immunosuppressant (others = infliximab, prednisone)
- Administration: IV injection, eye drops, oral solution, oral capsules
- Mode of action: lymphocyte function - binds to cytosolic protein, inhibiting calcineurin -> less inflammatory cytokine production
- Indications: rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, nephrotic syndrome, organ transplant, keratitis
- Side effects: blurred vision/pain, abdominal pain/diarrhoea
- Contra-indications: ocular infections, renal impairment, malignancy
9
Q
CIPROFLOXACIN:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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A
- Class: Quinolone Abx
- Administration: oral tablets, IV infusion, ophthalmic ointment
- Mode of action: inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase enzyme -> prevents DNA replication so stops replication
- Indications: Gram positives, Staphylococci, Enterococci, Pneumococci, Streptococci
- Side effects: nausea/vomiting, dizziness, headache, restlessness, anxiety
- Contra-indications: renal impairment (alter dose), elderly, children
10
Q
CO-AMOXICLAV:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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A
- Class: combination Abx
- Administration: oral tablet, chewable tablet, oral suspension
- Mode of action: beta-lactamase inhibitor + inhibits penicillin binding proteins -> inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
- Indications: H. Influenzae, N. Gonorrhoea, Enterobacteriacae
- Side effects: diarrhoea, N+V
- Contra-indications: risk of superinfection, penicillin allergy, history of cholestatic jaundice, liver dysfunction
11
Q
DIAMORPHINE:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: opioid analgesic
- Administration: IM or SC injection, IV injection
- Mode of action: mu-opioid agonist - acts on receptors in the CNS which produces an analgesic effect
- Indications: acute/chronic pain, pulmonary oedema, MI
- Side effects: respiratory depression, bradycardia, N+V, euphoria
- Contra-indications: acute respiratory depression, coma, head injury, raised ICP, delayed gastric emptying
12
Q
DALTEPARINE:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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A
- Class: LMWH
- Administration: SC injection, IV injection
- Mode of action: inhibits the formation of factor Xa and thrombin
- Indications: unstable angina, pulmonary embolism, DVT
- Side effects: haemorrhage, thrombocytopenia
- Contra-indications: IE, haemophilia, recent cerebral haemorrhage
13
Q
DOBUTAMINE:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: B-adrenergic agonist
- Administration: IV infusion
- Mode of action: directly stimulates beta-1 receptors in the heart, increases myocardial contractility and stroke volume
- Indications: coronary artery disease, MI, cardiac surgery, septic/cardio shock, cardiomyopathies
- Side effects: hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, tachycardia
- Contra-indications: phaeochromocytoma
14
Q
DOXAZOSIN:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: A1-selective alpha blocker (others = alfuzosin, tamulosin)
- Administration: oral tablets
- Mode of action: inhibits postsynaptic alpha 1 adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle – peripheral vasodilation
- Indications: hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Side effects: anxiety, flu-like symptoms
- Contra-indications: micturition syncope, postural hypotension, anuria
15
Q
EPHEDRINE:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: A and B adrenergic antagonist
- Administration: IV injection, oral tablet, intranasal drops, IM/SC injection
- Mode of action: stimulation of adrenergic receptors - increases noradrenaline action and release
- Indications: reversal of hypotension from anaesthesia, airway obstruction, neuropathic oedema, nasal congestion
- Side effects: headache/nausea, anorexia, anxiety, arrhythmias
- Contra-indications: diabetes, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, IHD
16
Q
ERYTHROMYCIN:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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A
- Class: macrolide Abx
- Administration: oral solution, IV Infusion, topical gel
- Mode of action: inhibits bacterial protein synthesis - bacteriostatic/cidal dependent on dose
- Indications: enteric bacteria, strep. pyogenes, H. Influenzae, staph. aureus
- Side effects: diarrhoea, N+V, hepatotoxicity
- Contra-indications: electrolyte disturbances, Myasthenia Gravis, acute porphyrias
17
Q
ETHYLESTRADIOL:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: oestrogen
- Administration: oral tablets
- Mode of action: interaction with oestrogen receptors in target cells
- Indications: menstrual disorders, F hypogonadism, osteoporosis prophyl, prostate cancer
- Side effects: breast tenderness, headache, bloating, nausea
- Contra-indications: risk of venous thromboembolism or arterial disease, migraine, gallstones
18
Q
FUROSEMIDE:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: loop diuretic (others = bumetanide, torasemide)
- Administration: IM injection, IV infusion, oral tablet
- Mode of action: inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron (blocks Na-K-Cl cotransporter)
- Indications: hypertension, oedema related to heart failure, renal disease, liver cirrhosis
- Side effects: hypokalaemia, hyperglycaemia
- Contra-indications: anuria, coma + liver cirrhosis, hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia
19
Q
IPRATROPIUM:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: muscarinic antagonist (others = atropine)
- Administration: oral - tablet, capsule, solution
- Mode of action: blocks muscarinic ACh receptors, promoting cGMP degradation – reduces bronchoconstriction
- Indications: COPD, asthma, rinnorhoea
- Side effects: dry mouth, sedation, urinary retention
- Contra-indications: hypersensitivity to atropine, glaucoma, GI/urinary blockage
20
Q
LOPERAMIDE:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: opioid receptor agonist
- Administration: aerosol inhaler, nebuliser, intranasal spray
- Mode of action: acts on mu-opioid receptors in PNS -> slows intestinal motility. Doesn’t cross the BBB so can’t affect CNS
- Indications: diarrhoea, IBD, IBS
- Side effects: constipation, dizziness, headache, nausea
- Contra-indications: high fever, blood in stool, C. diff infections, active Ulcerative Colitis
21
Q
METFORMIN:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
- Side effects:
- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: biguanide
- Administration: oral tablet, oral solution
- Mode of action: decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption, improves insulin sensitivity
- Indications: diabetes (1st line in BMI>25 patients who have failed on diet/exercise measures, adjuvant in BMI<25 patients who do not achieve adequate glycaemic control on sulphonylureas), PCOS
- Side effects: GI irritation, diarrhoea, N+V
- Contra-indications: risk of LACTIC ACIDOSIS, kidney disorders
22
Q
METHOTREXATE:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: DMARD (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug)
- Administration: IM/SC injection, oral tablet
- Mode of action: Cancer – inhibition of DHFR, inhibiting folate synthesis.
Arthritis – inhibition of purine metabolism = accumulation of adenosine = suppression of T cells - Indications: RA, Crohn’s disease, neoplastic diseases, severe psoriasis
- SIDE EFFECTS: N+V, hepatotoxicity, ulcerative stomatitis, leukopenia
- Contra-indications: photosensitivity, blood disorders, UC
23
Q
OXYBUTININ:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: antimuscarinics (others = atropine)
- Administration: oral tablet, transdermal patches
- Mode of action: antagonist of M1, 2 & 3 muscarinic ACh receptors, decreases muscle spasms of the bladder
- Indications: urinary frequency, urgency & incontinence, neurogenic bladder dysfunction
- Side effects: constipation, photophobia, skin/mouth dryness
- Contra-indications: GI obstruction, Myasthenia Gravis, urinary retention
24
Q
PARACETAMOL:
- Class:
- Administration:
- Mode of action:
- Indications:
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- Contra-indications:
A
- Class: analgesic/antipyretic (NOT AN NSAID)
- Administration: oral tablet, IV injection, suppository
- Mode of action: COX enzyme inhibition in CNS indirectly, this inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid = blocks generation of pain impulses
- Indications: fever, pain
- Side effects: hepatotoxicity (overdose)
- Contra-indications: chronic alcoholism, chronic dehydration, chronic malnutrition