Drug Use In Pregnancy Flashcards
Most drugs move from the maternal circulation into the fetal circulation by:
Diffusion
Maternal albumin ___(decreases/increases), while fetal albumin ___(decreases/increases) throughout pregnancy.
Decreases; Increases
High fetal albumin means:
High concentration of
protein-bound drugs
Are pregnant women eligible to participate in clinical trials?
NO
___ was found safe in animal studies, but teratogenic in humans.
Thalidomide
The available clinical studies in pregnancies suffer from which kind of bias?
Recall bias
The available clinical studies in pregnancies suffer from bias and require:
Large number of subjects
What are the reasons for drug therapy in pregnancy?
1) Pregnancy-induced conditions
2) Chronic conditions diagnosed before pregnancy
3) Acute conditions that may occur during pregnancy
4) Fetal therapy
What are some common pregnancy induced conditions?
1) Nausea
2) Vomiting
3) Preeclampsia
4) Eclampsia
Which drugs are used for fetal therapy?
1) Corticosteroids
2) Phenobarbital
3) Zidovudine
Why are corticosteroids given for fetal therapy?
To stimulate fetal lung maturation (surfactant) when preterm birth is expected
Why is Phenobarbital given for fetal therapy?
Induce fetal hepatic enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of bilirubin
Giving Phenobarbital as fetal therapy lowers the risk of ___ in newborns.
Jaundice
Why is Zidovudine given for fetal therapy?
Decreases transmission of HIV from the mother to the fetus.
Combinations of __ antiretroviral agents can eliminate fetal HIV infection almost entirely.
Three
What factors affect placental drug transfer?
1) The physicochemical properties of the drug
2) The duration of exposure to the drug
3) Pharmacokinetics of the drug in fetal tissues
Drug passage across the
placenta is dependent on:
1) Lipid solubility
2) Degree of drug ionization
___(Lipophobic/Lipophilic) drugs tend to diffuse readily across the placenta and enter the fetal circulation.
Lipophilic
How long does Thiopental take to cross the placenta?
Immediately
What can Thiopental cause in newborn infants?
1) Sedation
2) Apnea
Should we use Thiopental as anesthesia in C-sections?
No
Tubocurarine is a ___(high/low) ionized drug.
High
Highly ionized drugs cross the placenta ___(rapidly/slowly) and achieve very ___(high/low) concentrations in the fetus.
Slowly; Low
Impermeability of the placenta to polar (or ionized) compounds is ___(relative/absolute).
Relative
What happens if high enough maternal-fetal concentration of highly ionized drug gradients are achieved?
Polar compounds can cross the placenta in measurable amounts
Which drug is almost completely ionized at physiologic pH?
Salicylate
Why does Salicylate cross the placenta rapidly?
Because the small amount of salicylate that is un-ionized is highly lipid-soluble.
Drugs with molecular weights of __–__ daltons can cross the placenta easily.
250-500
Drugs with molecular weights of __–__ daltons cross the placenta with difficulty.
500-1000
Drugs with molecular weights >__ daltons cross the placenta very poorly.
1000
Why is Heparin unable to cross the placenta?
1) Large size
2) Highly polar
Does insulin cross the placenta?
No
Maternal blood has a pH of ___ while fetal blood is __.
7.4; 7.3
Weakly basic drugs with pKa above 7.4 will be ___(more/less) ionized in the fetal compartment.
More
Weakly basic drugs with pKa above 7.4 will lead to:
Ion trapping = higher fetal blood levels
Many drug transporters have been identified in the placental ____ membrane.
Brush border
____ transporter pumps back a variety of drugs into the maternal circulation
P-glycoprotein
What drugs does P-glycoprotein transporter pump back?
1) Anticancer drugs (Vinblastine, Doxorubicin)
2) Anti-HIV drugs
Binding of drugs to plasma proteins (particularly albumin) may reduce:
1) Rate of transfer
2) Amount transferred
The transfer of highly lipid soluble drugs will depend on:
Placental blood flow
Which drug is highly lipid soluble?
Thiopental
Fetal proteins have __(higher/lower) binding affinity than maternal proteins.
Lower