Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain’s Reward Circuits Flashcards
different ways of drugs injection
- subcutaneously (SC), into the fatty tissue
just beneath the skin - intramuscularly (IM), into the large muscles
-intravenously (IV),
directly into veins at points where they run just beneath the skin.
conditioned drug tolerance
Whereas studies of contingent drug tolerance focus on what subjects do while they are under the influence of drugs, studies of conditioned drug tolerance focus on the situa- tions in which drugs are taken. Conditioned drug tolerance refers to demonstrations that tolerance effects are maxi- mally expressed only when a drug is administered in the same situation in which it has previously been administered
Contingent drug tolerance
Contingent drug tolerance refers to demonstrations that tolerance develops only to drug effects that are actually experienced.
the rats that received alcohol on each trial before a convulsive stimulation became almost completely tolerant to alcohol’s anticonvulsant effect, whereas those that received the same injections and stimula- tions in the reverse order developed no tolerance whatsoever to alcohol’s anticonvulsant effect
conditioned compensatory responses.
The central assump- tion of the theory is that conditional stimuli that predict drug administration come to elicit conditional responses opposite to the unconditional effects of the drug.
exteroceptive stimuli & interoceptive stimuli
xteroceptive stimuli (external, public stimuli, such as the drug-administration environment) as the conditional stimuli. However, interoceptive stimuli
Hypothermic response to first injections of alcohol
–1.368
00.00
Tolerance to the hypothermic effect of alcohol
Hypothermic response to first injections of alcohol
–1.368
No tolerance to the hypothermic effect of alcohol
–1.318
Body Temperature
Body Temperature
Journal Prompt 15.2
What other external stimuli, besides the drug- administration environment, do you think might serve as effective conditional stimuli for the development of conditioned drug tolerance?
(internal, private stimuli) are just as effective in this role. For example, both the thoughts and feelings produced by the drug-taking ritual and the drug effects experienced soon after administration can, through conditioning, come to reduce the full impact of a drug (Siegel, 2008). This point about interoceptive stimuli is important because it indicates that just thinking about a drug can evoke conditioned compensatory responses.
tolerance 2 types
–Metabolic tolerance results from a decrease in the
amount of drug reaching the target cells)
–Functional tolerance results from a decrease in the
ability of the drug to influence the target cells.
mesocorticolimbic pathway
- substantia nigra
- VTA
- NA
Three Stages in the Development
of an Addiction
- initial drug taking
- habitual drug taking
- drug craving and addiction relapse
situational specificity
een drug kan grotere effecten hebben wanneer het op een plek toegediend wordt waar je dat normaal niet doet
syndrome die mannen door roken kunnen krijgen
Buerger’s disease (smoker syndrome), the blood vessels, especially those
supplying the legs, become constricted
Effects/teratogenic effects
Individuals who live or work with smokers are more likely to develop heart disease and cancer than those who don’t. Even the unborn are vulnerable.
Nicotine is a teratogen (an agent that can disturb the normal development of the foetus):
Smoking during pregnancy increases the likelihood of miscarriage, stillbirth, and early death
of the child.
Foetal alcohol syndrome
child with FAS suffers from some or all of the following symptoms:
brain damage, intellectual disability poor coordination, poor muscle tone, low birth weight,
retarded growth, and/or physical deformity
