Drug trialling Flashcards
How do chemical defend against attack?
repel or kill animals feeding on them
Produce chemicals that toxic or distasteful
Describe garlic antibacterial properties
destroy bacteria which is important as now they are resistant to antibiotics
Allicin - interferes with lipid synthesis and RNA production
Produced only when plant is damaged
alliin converted to allicin by alliinase
Describe the a=background of Witherings trial
“Dropsy” due to irregular heart beat increasing BP, withering investigated the properties
Found that fox gloves treated it (contained digitalis)
Describe the drug testing today before the clinical phases
Potential useful substance identified
Preclinical trials to determine safety
Describe the phase 1
small group of volunteers used to see how the drug behaves as predicted find out dosage, side effects, how body reacts, independent review
Describe phase 2
Small group of patients to see if the drug actually works
Describe phase 3
Large group of patients split into 2 groups Double blind trial Statistical testing Approval for use
What are the correct conditions for bacteria?
sufficient nutrients, optimum temperature, pH,
How do bacteria reproduce?
asexually in a process called binary fission: circular DNA replicates and new cell content is synthesised before new cell wall forms to divide the cell into two equal halves
Describe William Withering’s system
Trial on small group of patients with disease
Large group of patients, dosage refined
General use
What are the improvements?
Tests on animals
Double blind trial
Placebo used as comparison
More people
Why do you use aseptic techniques?
Prevent contamination
What are the aseptic techniques?
Close windows
Disinfect work surfaces
Sterilise wire inoculation loop using Bunsen burner
Sterilise glassware
