drug routes Flashcards
what factors affect reaching target site?
(2 marks)
formulation of the drug - tabs / liquid
route of administration - oral / IV / topic
what are the drug routes?
(6 marks)
enteral (involves GIT)
paraental (does not involve GIT)
topical
inhalation
(intrammary) - into cow teat
(intrauterine) - into uterus
what are the enteral formulations types of drug?
(9 marks)
tablet
granules
capsules
paste/gel
solutions
suspensions
syrups
emulsion
bolus
what the enteral formulations are?
(9 marks)
- tabs - sometimes enteric coating
- granules - coated
- caps - granules in gel capsule
- paste - drug in semi-solid carrier
- solutions - drug dissolved in water
- suspensions - drug suspended in liquid
- syrups - sol/sus with added sugar
- emulsions - liquid drug suspended in oil
- bolus - large tablet wrapped in material
paraental methods of administration?
(8 marks)
IV
IM
SC
intracardiac
intradermal
epidural
intraperitonal
intraosseous
advantages and disadvantages of parental drug administration?
(7 marks)
+
bypasses gut
does not rely on palatability
depot prep available
-
high skill required with IV
possible high frequency dosing
possible pain on injection
some routes affected by hydration status (e.g. SC)
where are topical medications applied?
(4 marks)
skin - transdermal + aural
mucous - intranasal + ocular membrane
what is inhalation medication mainly used for?
(1 mark)
anaesthetic agents
what can inhalation mediciation also be used for?
(1 mark)
administration of glucocorticoids to cats with asthma
name the dosing frequency abbreviations?
(4 marks)
1x day = S.I.D / q24h
2x day = B.I.D / q12h
3x day = T.I.D / q8h
4x day = Q.I.D / q6h
why are some medications given with / without food?
(2 marks)
with = allows easy administration
without = prescence of food in gut interfers with absorption
how to give oral tablet to dog?
(3 marks)
put one hand over muzzle, with finger and thumb behind canines.
open mouth with other hand + put tablet to back of mouth.
rub throat to encourage swallow.
how to give oral tablet to cat?
(4 marks)
cats more likely to bite.
tilt head back = mouth opens naturally.
use finger to lower jaw.
tablet needs to drop to base of tongue.
when giving liquid medications in food, what should be done?
(3 marks)
give when animal is hungry
give with appetising food
initally give with small amount of food
how are liquid medications given in mouth?
(4 marks)
introduce syringe to side of mouth where top and bottom lips join
aim to get liquid to back of tongue
give small amount and let animal swallow
repeat but stop if signs of choking / coughing.
how should ‘spot on’ products be applied?
(4 marks)
part fur
apply to skin - not on fur
allows drug to be absorpbed through fatty skin layer into systemic circulation
apply between shoulder blades to prevent ingestion
how should creams be applied?
(2 marks)
clean area - prevents inactivating drug
wear gloves
how are eyedrops/ eye cream applied?
(3 marks)
hold muzzle with one hand
tilt head upwards
rest hand holding bottle on side of dog’s face.
how are eardrops applied?
(3 marks)
gently pull pinna up and out
apply then massage base of ear in circular motion
ensures drug moves down both vertical and horizonal canal
what does paraental mean?
(1 mark)
administered elsewhere in body than the mouth and alimentary tract
give examples of paraental drugs?
(8 marks)
SC
IM
IV
intracardiac
intraperitoneal
intrapleural
intra-articular
epidural
how long does a SC injection take to take effect?
(1 mark)
roughly 30-45 minutes
how do administer SC injection?
(7 marks)
- sterile needle and syringe - draw up dose of drug
- patient restrained
- raise fold of skin from suitable area
- moisten skin with spirit swab
- insert needle under skin and drawback
- inject drug
- withdraw needle
where can an IM injection be given?
(3 marks)
anterior quadriceps
lumbodorsal muscles
triceps
what should be avoided when giving IM injection?
(1 mark)
gluteals and hamstring - RISK OF SCIATIC NERVE!!
how long until IM drug takes effect?
(1 mark)
roughly 20-30 minutes.
how is IM injection performed?
(6 marks)
- sterile needle and syringe draw up dose of drug
- patient restraint
- moisten skin with spirit swab
- insert needle into muscle, 90 degree, drawback
- inject drug
- withdraw needle
where can IV be given?
(3 marks)
cephalic
jugular
saphenous
how long for IV to take effect?
(1 mark)
roughly 0-2 minutes
how is cephalic vein injection carried out?
(6 marks)
- assistant restrain dog
- clip fur over vein
- spirit swab
- stabilise vein and ‘raise’, drawback
- ‘release’ and inject drug
- withdraw and apply pressure
where are sharps disposed?
(1 marks)
yellow container
where are syringes containing meds disposed?
(1 mark)
rigid container, not colour specific
