Drug Presentation&Prescribing Flashcards
A written order of a pharmacist by a licensed Vet to prepare prescribed medicine.
Prescription
Issued to client for purchase of drugs to be administered to their pets
Clinical prescription order
Prescription for purchase of large quantities of veterinary drugs/products and is often accompanied by VCPR letter from the veterinarian
Veterinary drug order
A special prescription for dangerous drugs because every prescription is accounted for
Yellow prescription
The veterinarian selects drugs, doses and pharmaceutical form he desires and the pharmacist prepares the medication
Extemporaneous prescription order
Prescription of drugs of mixture of drugs which are supplied by a pharmaceutical company by its official or propriety name and in a form that the pharmacist dispenses without pharmaceutical alteration
Pre-compound prescription order
At pleasure
As much as wanted
ad libitum
Before
ante (a)
Of each
ana (aa)
Before meals
ante cibum (a.c)
Around the clock
ATC
Twice a day
bis in die (b.i.d)
With
cum (c)
As directed
c.m.p
drench
haust.
Hour
hora (h)
hour of sleep; at bedtime
hora somni (h.s)
make
ft.
Mix
misce (m)
Do not repeat
non repetatur (n.r)
Number
numerous (no.)
Once a day
o.d
By mouth
per os (p.o)
After
post (p)
post cibum (p.c)
After meals
According to circumstances, when requiree, occasionally
pro nata (p.r.n)
A sufficient amount, to make as much as necessary
quantum satis, suffit (q.s)
everyday
quaque die (q.d)
every hour/every 4 hours
quaque hora (q.h)/q.4.h
Four times a day
quaque in die (q.i.d)
Every other day
q.o.d
Daily
s.i.d
Write on label
signa (sig)
Without
sine (s)
If necessary
s.o.s
Immediately
statim (stat)
ter in die (t.i.d)
Three times a day
A drop/drops
gutta (gtt)
legally recognized document and the licensed Veterinarian is held responsible for its accuracy. It is also a form of communication or instruction of a Veterinarian which represents the summary of the Vet’s diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the patient’s illness. It also reflects the diagnostic acumen and therapeutic proficiency of the practitioner.
Prescription
Prescription for individual companion animals/pets
Clinical prescription order
name, species, age, sex, breed
Identification of the patient
Prescription for individual food animal
Clinical prescription order
Veterinary – Client – Patient Relationship
Veterinary drug order
name of office, address, and telephone number.
Veterinarian’s data
name , address, telephone number.
Data about the client
an abbreviation for rercipe ( Latin for “take thou”)
Superscription (Rx)
Proper way of writing generic name of the drug/product
- written immediately after Rx symbol.
- written in full, its salt or other chemical component may be abbreviated .
- choose the generic name determined by BFAD/BAI when there are two or more active ingredients.
- enclose the brand/trade/propriety name in parenthesis and write this after the generic name.
body of the prescription order which contains the generic name of the drug/product, strength, unit size, and quantity of the drug/product to be dispensed.
Inscription
contains the instruction to the pharmacist on how to prepare the drug, etc.
Subscription
contains the instructions to the client ( signa means write, mark, label)
Transcription/ signa/ label
Parts of Prescription order
- Veterinarian’s data
- Data about the client
- Identification of the patient
- Date of prescription.
- Superscription (Rx)
- Inscription
- Subscription
- Transcription/ signa/ label
- Signature of the prescribing Veterinarian, license number (PRC ).
Do’s in writing prescription
- Must be written legibly/clearly.
- Must be written in the presence of the client.
- Write without hesitation.
- Proofread your prescription order before fixing your signature.
- The first letter of the drug should be capitalized.
- A prescription may contain more than one drug but it is better to have only one drug per prescription order.
Don’ts in writing prescriptions
- Do not erase or cross out entries in the prescription order in front of the client.
- Do not tear up a prescription order in front of the client.
- Do not be distracted by talkative clients while writing the prescription.
- Do not use abbreviations that are not clear to the client, the client should be made to understand the meaning of Latin abbreviations.
any preparation with one more substances dissolved in liquid solvent.
Solutions
alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of drugs made by extraction of crude drugs, solution of chemicals or dilution of fluid extract.
Tinctures
are liquid preparations where the solute is not dissolved in the vehicle but is suspended throughout the vehicle by the use of suspending agent which usually increases the viscosity of the vehicle. Must never be given intravenously. Oftentimes this term is loosely applied to mixtures.
Suspensions
can be solutions, suspensions or emulsions and are nearly always applied topically to the skin and occasionally to the eye. Inclusion of alcohol hastens its drying and cooling effect while inclusion of glycerin keeps the skin moist for a considerable time.
Lotions
preparations intended for dilution with water to make an insecticidal wash in which animals may be completely immersed in order to kill ectoparasites or to prevent reinfestation.
Dips
an oily or greasy solution mixtures or various substances intended for external applications. Much benefit is derived from massage during application.
Liniments
liquid preparations intended for application to the skin of mucus surfaces possessing antiseptic, astringent, caustic or analgesic properties.
Paints
suspensions of a powder dispersed in water and administered orally.
Drenches
dispersion of liquid droplets in a second immiscible liquid brought about by adding an emulsifying agent. Example: soaps, cholesterol egg yolk
Emulsions
solutions carrying medicament intended for ophthalmic or optic administration.
Drops
usually topically applied aerosols elsewhere the medicament is force out with a propellant mixture of gases.
Sprays
usually sterile suspensions in fluid or semi fluid vehicle. Strict adherence to label instructions and withdrawal times is essential.
Intramammary Injections
Advantages of injections
- provide shorter onset of action.
- provide better control of the patient.
- provide a means of administration of rapidly biotrasformed drug ( epinephrine ) or poorly soluble drugs ( streptomycin ) in the GIT.
mixtures of drugs in dry powder form intended for internal or external use.
Powders
semi-solid emulsions of polyethylene glycols, water miscible and are indicated on weeping lesions.
Cream
sterile pharmaceutal liquids or suspensions intended for parenteral administration by various routes.
Injections
A substance that causes fever in the body, either endogenous (from the immune system) or exogenous (from bacterial endotoxins).
Pyrogens
Disadvantages of injections
- expensive
- painful
- animal must be returned for medication.
- must be free from pyrogens
- pH near blood if possible (7.4)
- oils should be of vegetable origin
- bacteriostatic agent is usually required in multiple dose containers.
are often used interchangeably with creams, immiscible with water, emollient in action by forming an occlusive film which prevents escape of moisture from the skin to the environment and are indicated for dry lessons.
Ointments
concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar with flavoring only (for use as vehicle) or with flavoring and medicinal ingredients, They have never been to practical use except for medication in dogs.
Syrups
a semisolid preparation used topically to carry medicaments intended to alleviate and inflamed area, supplying any or of the following: drugs, heat, and moisture.
Poultices (cataplasms)
are semisolid medications melting or softening at body temperature for insertion into a certain body orifices of the body (rectal, urethreal, etc.)
Suppositories
are generally defined as medicated solid masses of various sizes and shapes.
Tablets
are large tablets intended for oral or intrauterine administration.
Boluses
are gelatin shells which may be filled with solids (hard shells) or liquids (soft shells) drugs. Most convenient form for oral administration.
Capsules
meant for continuous absorption of medical substances by the body and for this the pellets are implanted inside the body e.g hormone implants.
Implants
sometimes called pellets are a modification of powders which have been lumped together to improved solubility or mask unpleasant taste.
Granules
a solid dosage form in which an active ingredient, such as a coccidiostat, production enhancer, or nutritional supplement is formulated with excipients. This is mixed homogeneously with feed at rates that range from a few milligrams to 200 g/ton of feed.
Premix
compressed feed material that contains an active ingredient such as anthelmintic, surfactant (for bloat prevention), or a nutritional supplement and is commonly packaged in cardboard box.
Medicated block
These systems are used for estrus synchronization in sheep, goats and cattle.
- Controlled internal drug release ( CIDR) devices
- Progesterone releasing intravaginal devices (PRID)
- Vaginal sponges
Intravaginal sponges are made from
polyurethane
In laboratory animals this can be facilitated using an oral feeding needle or a French catheter attached to a syringe. In large animals this can be also facilitated by using a drenching gun (cattle, sheep, goat) stomach tube or a paste preparation (horse).
Oral administration
This is the most common route of drug administration using solid, liquid or semi liquid forms of drugs.
Oral administration
In dogs, cats, and poultry; tablets or pills can be placed directly at the base of the tongue while applying pressure ate the side of the mouth to keep it open while administering the drug. While liquids can easily be administered applicator (syringe).
Oral administration
The drug can be introduced directly underneath the skin by injection. The needle must be inserted to its full length to avoid loss liquid upon withdrawal, The common site employed are the loose skin at the dorsal thoracic or neck area, the abdomen and the fold near the forelimbs and the hind limbs.
Subcutaneous injection
Always employ a sharp and sterile needle. Inject the drug slowly, if the needle is not in the vein resistance will be felt while injecting and blanching will be observed in the surrounding connective tissue.
Intravenous Injection
Intravenous Injection site for dog
Cephalic, saphenous, and jugular vein
Intravenous Injection site for pig
anterior vena cava
Intravenous Injection site for rats
tail vain
Intravenous Injection site for poutry
wing vain
The drug is Injected at the ham muscle (gluteus) and plunger is always pulled back to make certain that the needle is not in the vein. Neck muscle may also used in large animals (cattle and horse.)
Intramuscular Injection
The drug is injected into the peritoneal cavity where absorption is rapid. By holding the animal head downward, and injecting into the lower half of the abdomen, intraintestinal or other intravisceral injections maybe avoided.
Intraperitoneal
This can be facilitated by inserting a rubber tubing attached to a syringe or a French catheter rectally at approximately 2 – 3 inches.
Rectal Administration
any chemical substance which modify the functions of a biological system and primarily intended for the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of disease to man or animals.
Drug
the pharmacopeia of the United States of America (1820)
USP
B.P
British Pharmacopeia
B.P.C
the British Pharmaceutical Codex (1907)
N.F.
National Formulary
study the actions of drugs on living things.
Pharmacology
C.F
The Canadian Formulary
Ph. I.
International Pharmacopeia (1950)
C.F
Codex Francis
drug mixtures prepared from crude drugs and containing several organic ingredients.
Galenicals
a blank preparation containing only innocuous ingredients.
Placebo
is the extent to which the active ingredient in a drug product can be taken up by the body in a form which is physiologically active in order to exert the desired therapeutic effect. Chemical equivalence in similar dosage forms does not guarantee equal biological equivalence and hence equal therapeutic effectiveness.
Bioavailability
a system of weights and measures based on multiples of 10. It is the primary system for the measurement of drugs, foods, cosmetics and devices. It is widely used and preferred in most scientific and medical measurements because of the case in working within the decimal system.
Metric system
The basic units in the metric system
gram (gm), liter (L), and meter (m)
a person who prepares and sells drugs compound for medicinal purposes. He is the old equivalent of modern day pharmacist.
apothecary
originated from England and was brought to America by early colonists. This system has been used by druggist to prepare medications in the past. In fact, many of the older drugs were originally manufactured using the apothecary labels.
The apothecary system of weights and measures
is another system of measure which is frequently used in the home, particularly when home medication is concerned. This is not a complete system since it contains only units of volume. These units are the glass, cup, teaspoon, tablespoon, dessertspoon, and drop. The sizes of utensils used in the measurement may vary so that even these instruments had to be standardized.
Household System
The current trend in prescription writing. This is the standardize drug measurement in many areas of the world.
metric system.
the basic unit of weight which was supposed to be equal to a grain of wheat
grain (gr)
the basic unit of volume which is equivalent to the volume of water that would weight approximately one grain.
minim (m)
