Drug "OIAs" Flashcards
Albuterol Inhaler
Class: SABA (short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist
Mechanism: activates B2 receptors in bronchiole smooth muscle to bronchodilate
Diagnosis: Asthma/COPD
ADRs: tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, hypokalemia, throat irritation, headache, nausea
Amlodipine
Class: Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB)
Mechanism: CCB inhibits calcium ions from entering smooth muscle/cardiac muscle = vasodilation and reducing BP
Diagnosis: primarily for management of HTN and angina
ADRs: Common = peripheral edema, headache, flushing, palpitations, dizziness. Serious = hypotension, acute liver injury, arrhythmias
Aspirin
Class: Anti-platelet
Mechanism: inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes leading to decreased thromboxane-A2 = reduced platelet aggregation
Diagnosis/Uses: prevention of cardiovascular events, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory, revascularization
ADRs: GI bleeds, Ulcers, allergic reaction, tinnitus, asthma exacerbation
Atenolol
Class: Beta-1 Adrenergic Antagonist (selective beta-blocker)
Mechanism: inhibits beta-1 adrenergic receptors in heart = reduced HR, contractility, reduced BP
Diagnosis/Uses: HTN, angina, post-MI
ADRs: fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia (heart blocks), hypotension
Atorvastatin
Class: Statin
Mechanism: inhibits HMG-CoA reductase = reduced cholesterol synthesis
Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, cardiovascular risk reduction
ADRs: myalgia, elevated liver enzymes, GI (nausea/diarrhea), headache, Rhabdomyolysis
Carvedilol
Class: Mixed α1/β1 Antagonist
Mechanism: blocks α1/β1 adrenergic receptors = vasodilation and reduced HR
Diagnosis/Uses: HTN, HF
ADRs: dizziness, fatigue, hypotension
Clonidine
Class: Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist
Mechanism: Stimulates α2 adrenergic receptors in the CNS = reduced sympathetic outflow = decreased heart rate and blood pressure
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, ADHD, opioid withdrawal syndrome
ADRs: Drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, rebound hypertension upon abrupt withdrawal, sedation
Clopidogrel
Class: Antiplatelet agent
Mechanism: Irreversibly inhibits the P2Y12 receptor on platelets = preventing platelet activation and aggregation = reduced risk of thrombus formation
Diagnosis/Uses: Acute coronary syndrome, prevention of thrombotic events in PCI, ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease
ADRs: Bleeding, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash
Digoxin
Class: Antiarrythmic Agent
Mechanism: Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium and improving contractility.
Diagnosis: Heart failure, atrial fibrillation.
ADRs: Nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias, visual disturbances.
Diltiazem
Class: Calcium Channel Blocker (Non-Dihydropyridine)
Mechanism: Inhibits calcium influx in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, reducing heart rate and vasodilation.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, angina, atrial fibrillation.
ADRs: Bradycardia, peripheral edema, dizziness.
Donepezil
Class: Acetylcholinesterase (ACE) Inhibitor
Mechanism: Inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine, increasing its levels in the brain.
Diagnosis/Uses: Alzheimer’s disease.
ADRs: Nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, muscle cramps.
Doxazosin
Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker
Mechanism: Blocks alpha-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
ADRs: Dizziness, headache, orthostatic hypotension.
Enoxaparin
Class: Anticoagulant
Mechanism: Inhibits factor Xa and thrombin, preventing clot formation.
Diagnosis/Uses: Prevention and treatment of DVT/PE, unstable angina.
ADRs: Bleeding, thrombocytopenia, spinal/epidural hematomas, injection site reactions.
Furosemide
Class: Loop Diuretic
Mechanism: Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the loop of Henle, increasing urine output.
Diagnosis/Uses: Edema, hypertension, heart failure.
ADRs: Hypokalemia, dehydration, hypotension.
Hydralazine
Class: Direct Vasodilators
Mechanism: Directly relaxes arterial smooth muscle, decreasing systemic vascular resistance.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure (with nitrates).
ADRs: Reflex tachycardia, headache, palpitations, lupus-like syndrome.
Hydrochlorothiazide
Class: Thiazide Diuretic
Mechanism: Inhibits Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, increasing urine output.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, edema.
ADRs: Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration.
Lisinopril
Class: ACE Inhibitor
Mechanism: Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II levels and vasodilation.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, post-MI.
ADRs: Cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema.
Metoprolol
Class: Beta-Blocker (Selective Beta-1 Adrenergic Antagonist)
Mechanism: Selectively blocks β1 adrenergic receptors in the heart = decreased heart rate and contractility = lowered blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias.
ADRs: Fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension, depression.
Nifedipine
Class: Calcium Channel Blocker (Dihydropyridine)
Mechanism: Inhibits calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, angina.
ADRs: Peripheral edema, flushing, headache.
Nitroglycerine
Class: Nitrate
Mechanism: Converts to nitric oxide, causing vasodilation and reduced myocardial oxygen demand.
Diagnosis/Uses: Angina, acute heart failure.
ADRs: Headache, hypotension, dizziness.
Pravastatin
Class: Statin
Mechanism: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, lowering cholesterol synthesis.
Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular events.
ADRs: Myopathy, liver enzyme elevations, gastrointestinal disturbances.
Prazosin
Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker
Mechanism: Blocks alpha-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
ADRs: Dizziness, headache, orthostatic hypotension.
Propranolol
Class: Nonselective Beta-Adrenergic Blocker (Class II Antiarrhythmic)
Mechanism: Blocks response to β1- and β2-adrenergic stimulation, resulting in decreases in heart rate, myocardial contractility, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias, migraine prevention, anxiety (including performance anxiety).
ADRs: Fatigue, bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, dizziness.
Pseudoephedrine
Class: A1 Agonist
Mechanism: Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors = vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa = reduced nasal congestion; also stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors = bronchodilation.
Diagnosis/Uses: Relief of nasal congestion due to colds, allergies, and sinusitis; often used in combination with antihistamines.
ADRs: Insomnia, nervousness, dizziness, headache, increased blood pressure, tachycardia.
Rivaroxaban
Class: Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC)
Mechanism: Inhibits factor Xa, preventing thrombin formation and clotting.
Diagnosis/Uses: DVT/PE treatment and prevention, atrial fibrillation.
ADRs: Bleeding, gastrointestinal upset, liver enzyme elevations.
Rosuvastatin
Class: Statin
Mechanism: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis.
Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease prevention.
ADRs: Myopathy, liver enzyme elevations, gastrointestinal issues.
Scopolamine
Class: Anticholinergic
Mechanism: Blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, preventing motion sickness.
Diagnosis/Uses: Motion sickness, postoperative nausea.
ADRs: Dry mouth, drowsiness, blurred vision.
Simvastatin
Class: Statin
Mechanism: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, lowering cholesterol production.
Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular disease.
ADRs: Myopathy, liver enzyme increases, gastrointestinal issues.
Terazosin
Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker
Mechanism: Blocks alpha-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.
ADRs: Dizziness, headache, orthostatic hypotension.
Timolol
Class: Beta-Blocker (Non-Selective)
Mechanism: Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and contractility.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, glaucoma (as an eye drop).
ADRs: Fatigue, bradycardia, respiratory issues.
Valsartan
Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)
Mechanism: Blocks the action of angiotensin II on AT1 receptors = vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and reduced aldosterone secretion.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, post-myocardial infarction.
ADRs: Dizziness, hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal impairment, angioedema.
Verapamil
Class: Calcium Channel Blocker (Non-Dihydropyridine)
Mechanism: Inhibits calcium ion influx into cardiac and smooth muscle = decreased heart rate, myocardial contractility, and vasodilation.
Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, angina, atrial fibrillation/flutter (rate control).
ADRs: Constipation, dizziness, hypotension, bradycardia, heart block.
Warfarin
Class: Anticoagulant (Vitamin K Antagonist)
Mechanism: Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase = decreases synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) = reduced coagulation.
Diagnosis/Uses: Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders (e.g., DVT, PE), atrial fibrillation.
ADRs: Bleeding, bruising, nausea, liver enzyme abnormalities.
