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Pharmacology Exam 1 > Drug "OIAs" > Flashcards

Drug "OIAs" Flashcards

1
Q

Albuterol Inhaler

A

Class: SABA (short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist

Mechanism: activates B2 receptors in bronchiole smooth muscle to bronchodilate

Diagnosis: Asthma/COPD

ADRs: tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, hypokalemia, throat irritation, headache, nausea

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2
Q

Amlodipine

A

Class: Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB)

Mechanism: CCB inhibits calcium ions from entering smooth muscle/cardiac muscle = vasodilation and reducing BP

Diagnosis: primarily for management of HTN and angina

ADRs: Common = peripheral edema, headache, flushing, palpitations, dizziness. Serious = hypotension, acute liver injury, arrhythmias

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3
Q

Aspirin

A

Class: Anti-platelet

Mechanism: inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes leading to decreased thromboxane-A2 = reduced platelet aggregation

Diagnosis/Uses: prevention of cardiovascular events, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory, revascularization

ADRs: GI bleeds, Ulcers, allergic reaction, tinnitus, asthma exacerbation

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4
Q

Atenolol

A

Class: Beta-1 Adrenergic Antagonist (selective beta-blocker)

Mechanism: inhibits beta-1 adrenergic receptors in heart = reduced HR, contractility, reduced BP

Diagnosis/Uses: HTN, angina, post-MI

ADRs: fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia (heart blocks), hypotension

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5
Q

Atorvastatin

A

Class: Statin

Mechanism: inhibits HMG-CoA reductase = reduced cholesterol synthesis

Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, cardiovascular risk reduction

ADRs: myalgia, elevated liver enzymes, GI (nausea/diarrhea), headache, Rhabdomyolysis

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6
Q

Carvedilol

A

Class: Mixed α1/β1 Antagonist

Mechanism: blocks α1/β1 adrenergic receptors = vasodilation and reduced HR

Diagnosis/Uses: HTN, HF

ADRs: dizziness, fatigue, hypotension

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7
Q

Clonidine

A

Class: Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonist

Mechanism: Stimulates α2 adrenergic receptors in the CNS = reduced sympathetic outflow = decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, ADHD, opioid withdrawal syndrome

ADRs: Drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, rebound hypertension upon abrupt withdrawal, sedation

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8
Q

Clopidogrel

A

Class: Antiplatelet agent

Mechanism: Irreversibly inhibits the P2Y12 receptor on platelets = preventing platelet activation and aggregation = reduced risk of thrombus formation

Diagnosis/Uses: Acute coronary syndrome, prevention of thrombotic events in PCI, ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease

ADRs: Bleeding, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash

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9
Q

Digoxin

A

Class: Antiarrythmic Agent

Mechanism: Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium and improving contractility.

Diagnosis: Heart failure, atrial fibrillation.

ADRs: Nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias, visual disturbances.

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10
Q

Diltiazem

A

Class: Calcium Channel Blocker (Non-Dihydropyridine)

Mechanism: Inhibits calcium influx in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, reducing heart rate and vasodilation.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, angina, atrial fibrillation.

ADRs: Bradycardia, peripheral edema, dizziness.

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11
Q

Donepezil

A

Class: Acetylcholinesterase (ACE) Inhibitor

Mechanism: Inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine, increasing its levels in the brain.

Diagnosis/Uses: Alzheimer’s disease.

ADRs: Nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, muscle cramps.

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12
Q

Doxazosin

A

Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker

Mechanism: Blocks alpha-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.

ADRs: Dizziness, headache, orthostatic hypotension.

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13
Q

Enoxaparin

A

Class: Anticoagulant

Mechanism: Inhibits factor Xa and thrombin, preventing clot formation.

Diagnosis/Uses: Prevention and treatment of DVT/PE, unstable angina.

ADRs: Bleeding, thrombocytopenia, spinal/epidural hematomas, injection site reactions.

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14
Q

Furosemide

A

Class: Loop Diuretic

Mechanism: Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the loop of Henle, increasing urine output.

Diagnosis/Uses: Edema, hypertension, heart failure.

ADRs: Hypokalemia, dehydration, hypotension.

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15
Q

Hydralazine

A

Class: Direct Vasodilators

Mechanism: Directly relaxes arterial smooth muscle, decreasing systemic vascular resistance.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure (with nitrates).

ADRs: Reflex tachycardia, headache, palpitations, lupus-like syndrome.

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16
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Class: Thiazide Diuretic

Mechanism: Inhibits Na+/Cl- reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, increasing urine output.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, edema.

ADRs: Hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration.

17
Q

Lisinopril

A

Class: ACE Inhibitor

Mechanism: Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme, reducing angiotensin II levels and vasodilation.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, post-MI.

ADRs: Cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema.

18
Q

Metoprolol

A

Class: Beta-Blocker (Selective Beta-1 Adrenergic Antagonist)

Mechanism: Selectively blocks β1 adrenergic receptors in the heart = decreased heart rate and contractility = lowered blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias.

ADRs: Fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension, depression.

19
Q

Nifedipine

A

Class: Calcium Channel Blocker (Dihydropyridine)

Mechanism: Inhibits calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, angina.

ADRs: Peripheral edema, flushing, headache.

20
Q

Nitroglycerine

A

Class: Nitrate

Mechanism: Converts to nitric oxide, causing vasodilation and reduced myocardial oxygen demand.

Diagnosis/Uses: Angina, acute heart failure.

ADRs: Headache, hypotension, dizziness.

21
Q

Pravastatin

A

Class: Statin

Mechanism: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, lowering cholesterol synthesis.

Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular events.

ADRs: Myopathy, liver enzyme elevations, gastrointestinal disturbances.

22
Q

Prazosin

A

Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker

Mechanism: Blocks alpha-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.

ADRs: Dizziness, headache, orthostatic hypotension.

23
Q

Propranolol

A

Class: Nonselective Beta-Adrenergic Blocker (Class II Antiarrhythmic)

Mechanism: Blocks response to β1- and β2-adrenergic stimulation, resulting in decreases in heart rate, myocardial contractility, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias, migraine prevention, anxiety (including performance anxiety).

ADRs: Fatigue, bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, dizziness.

24
Q

Pseudoephedrine

A

Class: A1 Agonist

Mechanism: Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors = vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa = reduced nasal congestion; also stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors = bronchodilation.

Diagnosis/Uses: Relief of nasal congestion due to colds, allergies, and sinusitis; often used in combination with antihistamines.

ADRs: Insomnia, nervousness, dizziness, headache, increased blood pressure, tachycardia.

25
Q

Rivaroxaban

A

Class: Direct Oral Anticoagulant (DOAC)

Mechanism: Inhibits factor Xa, preventing thrombin formation and clotting.

Diagnosis/Uses: DVT/PE treatment and prevention, atrial fibrillation.

ADRs: Bleeding, gastrointestinal upset, liver enzyme elevations.

26
Q

Rosuvastatin

A

Class: Statin

Mechanism: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reducing cholesterol synthesis.

Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease prevention.

ADRs: Myopathy, liver enzyme elevations, gastrointestinal issues.

27
Q

Scopolamine

A

Class: Anticholinergic

Mechanism: Blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors, preventing motion sickness.

Diagnosis/Uses: Motion sickness, postoperative nausea.

ADRs: Dry mouth, drowsiness, blurred vision.

28
Q

Simvastatin

A

Class: Statin

Mechanism: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, lowering cholesterol production.

Diagnosis/Uses: Dyslipidemia, prevention of cardiovascular disease.

ADRs: Myopathy, liver enzyme increases, gastrointestinal issues.

29
Q

Terazosin

A

Class: Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocker

Mechanism: Blocks alpha-1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, benign prostatic hyperplasia.

ADRs: Dizziness, headache, orthostatic hypotension.

30
Q

Timolol

A

Class: Beta-Blocker (Non-Selective)

Mechanism: Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and contractility.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, glaucoma (as an eye drop).

ADRs: Fatigue, bradycardia, respiratory issues.

31
Q

Valsartan

A

Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB)

Mechanism: Blocks the action of angiotensin II on AT1 receptors = vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and reduced aldosterone secretion.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, post-myocardial infarction.

ADRs: Dizziness, hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal impairment, angioedema.

32
Q

Verapamil

A

Class: Calcium Channel Blocker (Non-Dihydropyridine)

Mechanism: Inhibits calcium ion influx into cardiac and smooth muscle = decreased heart rate, myocardial contractility, and vasodilation.

Diagnosis/Uses: Hypertension, angina, atrial fibrillation/flutter (rate control).

ADRs: Constipation, dizziness, hypotension, bradycardia, heart block.

33
Q

Warfarin

A

Class: Anticoagulant (Vitamin K Antagonist)

Mechanism: Inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase = decreases synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) = reduced coagulation.

Diagnosis/Uses: Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders (e.g., DVT, PE), atrial fibrillation.

ADRs: Bleeding, bruising, nausea, liver enzyme abnormalities.

Pharmacology Exam 1 (5 decks)

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