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Osha 2a > Drug list > Flashcards

Drug list Flashcards

1
Q

What is the class and use of alendronic acid?

A
  • bisphosphonate
  • used to treat and prevent osteoporosis
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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alendronic acid?

A
  • slows the growth rate and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals
  • reduces the rate of bone turnover
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3
Q

What is the class and use of atenolol?

A
  • β blocker/ β-1 adrenergic antagonist
  • hypertension, arrythmias and angina
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4
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atenolol in hypertension and angina?

A
  • negative ionotropic and chronotropic effects
  • blocks β 1 receptors in heart to decrease work
  • reduces renin production: antihypertensive
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5
Q

What is the mechanism of atenolol in arrythmias?

A
  • decreases the effects of sympathetic activity on the heart, therefore decreasing conduction and action potential initiation
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6
Q

What is the class and use of furosemide?

A
  • loop diuretic
  • used for oedema, hypercalcaemia, fluid overload
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7
Q

What is the mechanism of furosemide?

A
  • inhibits the NA/K/2Cl pump in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle which stops the reabsorption of Na, K and water
  • decreases preload
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8
Q

What is the class and use of ramipril?

A
  • ACE inhibitor
  • used for hypertension, heart failure, post MI and diabetic nephropathy
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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ramipril?

A
  • inhibits ACE > dec synthesis of angiotensin II
  • this leads to:
  • vasodilation,
  • decreased aldosterone and so dec Na and water retention
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10
Q

What is the class and use of doxazosin?

A
  • α-1 adrenergic blocker
  • hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia
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11
Q

What is the mechanism of doxazosin?

A
  • inhibits postysynaptic α-1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle > decreases TPR and BP
  • relaxes smooth muscle in prostate and bladder to relieve BPH symptoms
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12
Q

What is the class and use of bendroflumethazide?

A
  • thiazide diuretic
  • hypertension, heart failure, oedema, nephrotic syndrome
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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bendroflumethazide?

A
  • inhibits Na and Cl reabsorption in the distal tubule
  • leads to inc excretion of Na, Cl ions and therefore water loss
  • can also lead to hypokalaemia
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14
Q

What is the class and use of atracurium?

A
  • non-depolarising neuromuscular blockade
  • used in surgery for paralysis of skeletal muscle to block reflex movements
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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of atracurium?

A
  • competitive antagonist acting at the nicotinic ACh receptor on skeletal muscle to cause relaxation
  • prevents activation of receptor-channel complex
  • threshold potential can’t be reached to initiate AP
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16
Q

What is the class and use of chloramphenicol?

A
  • potent broad-spectrum antibiotic
  • bacteriostatic agent
  • eye infections and H. influenza
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17
Q

Which bacteria can be treated by chloramphenicol?

A
  • +ve: Strep, Staph, Enterococcus, Listeria
  • -ve: H. influenzae, N. meningitides, E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, P. mirabilis
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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?

A
  • inhibits protein synthesis to stop bacterial growth by binding to 50S ribosome
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19
Q

What is the class and use of cefuroxime?

A
  • β lactam antibiotic: cephalosporin
  • gram -ve bacteria: cholecystitis, prophylaxis, pneumonia
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20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cefuroxime?

A
  • antibacterial
  • attaches to penicillin binding proteins
  • interrupts cell wall biosynthesis leading to cell lysis and death
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21
Q

What is the class and use of celecoxib?

A
  • NSAID: COX-2 inhibitor
  • osteoarthritis, RA, ankylosing spondylitis
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22
Q

What is the mechanism of action of celecoxib?

A
  • selective noncompetitive inhibition of COX-2
  • this is expressed heavily in inflamed tissues
  • reduces synthesis of prostaglandins leading to alleviation of pain
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23
Q

What is the class and use of ephedrine?

A
  • sympathomimetic amine
  • airway obstruction, nasal congestion
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24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ephedrine?

A
  • α-1 agonist: inc in HR, CO and TPR
  • stimulates β-2 adrenergic receptors: bronchodilation
  • indirectly displaces norepinephrine from storage vesicles, leads to larger quantities in synapses + postsynaptic receptors, inc SNS stimulation
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25
Q

What is the class and use of ethinyloestradiol?

A
  • oestrogen compound
  • can be used as part of combined oral contraceptive
  • used in oestrogen deficiency
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26
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ethinyloestradiol?

A
  • mimics oestrogen
  • combines with oestrogen nuclear receptor and affects protein synthesis
  • decreases LH, thickens cervical mucus, prevents changes in endometrium
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27
Q

What is the class and use of loperamide?

A
  • long acting anti-diarrhoeal: µ opioid receptor agonist
  • diarrhoea, faecal incontinence
28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of loperamide?

A
  • isn’t absorbed from gut so doesn’t cross blood brain barrier to act in CNS: only acts in gut
  • opens potassium channels and blocks calcium channels to affect impulse transmission
  • decreases peristalsis and fluid secretion in GI tract, increases absorption. Reduces tone.
29
Q

What is the class and use of metformin?

A
  • biguanide
  • used in blood sugar control: T2DM
30
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metformin?

A
  • decreases gluconeogenesis and intestinal glucose absorption
  • increases insulin sensitivity and improves peripheral uptake
31
Q

What is the class and use of methotrexate?

A
  • antimetabolite
  • Crohn’s, RA, psoriasis
32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of methotrexate?

A
  • blocks DNA synthesis by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase to prevent cell proliferation
  • inc ATP and adenosine in extracellular space for anti-inflammatory action
33
Q

What is the class and use of paracetamol?

A
  • antipyretic
  • used for analgesia and in hepatotoxicity
34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of paracetamol?

A
  • inhibits COX pathways
  • stops prostaglandin synthesis
  • acts within CNS for pain relief
35
Q

What is the class and use of rifampicin?

A
  • antimycobacterial and bactericidal
  • M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, MRSA
  • tuberculosis, endocarditis, Legionnaires
36
Q

What is the mechanism of action of rifampicin?

A
  • inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase
  • suppresses RNA synthesis > cell death
  • used with isoniazid
37
Q

What is the class and use of sildenafil?

A
  • phosphodiesterase inhibitor
  • used for erectile dysfunction, pulmonary arterial hypertension
38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sildenafil?

A
  • PDE5 inhibitor.
  • relaxes arterial walls leading to decreased arterial resistance and pressure and reducing workload
  • induces vasodilation in smooth muscle of lungs and penis
39
Q

What is the class and use of suxamethonium?

A
  • depolarising neuromuscular junction blocker
  • competitive antagonist of nicotinic Ach receptors in skeletal muscle
  • used in surgery and intubation
40
Q

What is the mechanism of action of suxamethonium?

A
  • mimics Ach at neuromuscular junction
  • slower hydrolysis causing sustained depolarisation and neuromuscular blockade
41
Q

What is the class and use of tamsulosin?

A
  • α blocker (α 1a and 1b adrenergic receptor antagonist
  • used in BPH
42
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tamsulosin?

A
  • selective α 1a and 1b blocker
  • relaxation of smooth muscle in prostate and detrusor in bladder for better urinary flow
43
Q

What is the class and mechanism of ciprofloxacin?

A
  • quinolone
  • blocks activity of bacterial DNA gyrase
  • inhibits transcription and replication of bacterial DNA
44
Q

What bacteria is ciprofloxacin used against?

A
  • gram negative bacilli and cocci
  • campylobacter jejuni, P. aeuroginosa, cholera, Salmonella type
  • Neisseria meningitidis and gonorrhoea
45
Q

What is the class and use of ciclosporin?

A
  • immunosuppressant: DMARD
  • RA, severe UC, atopic dermatitis
46
Q

What is the mechanism of ciclosporin?

A
  • inhibits T cell activation by inhibiting production and release of IL-2
47
Q

What is the class and use of oxybutynin?

A
  • anticholinergic drug
  • urinary frequency, urgency and incontinence
48
Q

What is the mechanism of oxybutynin?

A
  • inhibits muscarinic action of Ach on smooth muscle only
  • allows the relaxation of the detrusor
49
Q

What is the class and use of ipratropium?

A
  • anticholinergic: short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA)
  • asthma/airway obstruction
50
Q

What is the mechanism of ipratropium?

A
  • inhibition of the PSNS in the airways
  • encourages bronchial secretions and bronchodilation
  • stops smooth muscle contraction
51
Q

What is the class and mechanism of erythromycin?

A
  • macrolide antibiotic
  • binds to 50S ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis and therefore replication: bacteriostatic
52
Q

What is the use of erythromycin?

A
  • in penicillin allergy
  • Strep viridans, β haemolytic strep, Listeria, Bordatella pertussus
53
Q

What is the class and mechanism of rivaroxaban?

A
  • anticoagulant: factor Xa competitive inhibitor
  • Xa needed to activate II (prothrombin) to IIa (thrombin)
54
Q

What is the use of rivaroxaban?

A
  • prophylaxis of stroke, MI, VTE, DVT, PE
  • treatment of DVT and PE
55
Q

What is the class and mechanism of salmeterol?

A
  • long acting β-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA)
  • relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, bronchodilation and increased airflow
56
Q

What is the use of salmeterol and how is it taken?

A
  • airway obstruction
  • asthma
  • exercise-induced bronchospasm
  • COPD
  • aerosol
57
Q

What is the class and use of tramadol?

A
  • opiate analgesic
  • acute and chronic pain
  • post operative pain
58
Q

What is the mechanism of tramadol?

A
  • µ opioid receptor agonist and SNRI (serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)
  • inhibitory effects on pain transmission
59
Q

What is the class and mechanism of co-amoxiclav?

A
  • clavulanic acid: β lactamase inhibitor enhances effectiveness of β lactam antibiotics
  • amoxicillin: penicillin derivative which inhibits penicillin binding proteins, cell wall synthesis and up regulates autolytic enzymes
60
Q

What are the uses of co-amoxiclav?

A
  • gram +ve bacteria e.g. strep causing upper resp tract infection
  • Strep viridans, β haemolytic strep and H. pylori
61
Q

What is the class and use of diamorphine?

A
  • opioid analgesic
  • acute and chronic pain
  • myocardial infarction
62
Q

What is the mechanism of diamorphine?

A
  • experiences first pass metabolism
  • metabolised to morphine
  • µ opioid agonist
  • activation of descending inhibitory pathways of CNS and reduction of nociceptive pain transmission
63
Q

What is the class and use of dalteparin?

A
  • anticoagulant: LmwH
  • treatment of DVT and PE
  • used in prophylaxis
64
Q

What is the mechanism of dalteparin?

A
  • increases activity of antithrombin III
  • inhibits formation of factor Xa and so thrombin from prothrombin
65
Q

What is the class and use and route of dobutamine?

A
  • inotropic agent
  • support in cardiac surgery, cardiomyopathy and shock
  • IV infusion
66
Q

What is the mechanism of dobutamine?

A
  • β-1 agonist
  • increases myocardial contractility and SV resulting in inc CO

Osha 2a (15 decks)

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