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Pharm > Drug Classes > Flashcards

Drug Classes Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenergic Agonists

A

General effects: incr HR, electrical conduction
bronchodilator, optical dilation, peripheral vasoconstriction

Include:
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Isoproterenol
Dobutamine
Albuterol

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2
Q

Adrenergic Antagonists

A

Betablockers
eg Metoprolol, Carvedilol

Block B1 receptors -> decr HR and contractility, decr RAAS and glycogenolysis

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3
Q

Muscarinic (Cholinergic) Agonists

A

Relaxation
UO incr and release
decr HR and BP
Incr GI movement and secretions

eg. Bethanechol (Urecholine)

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4
Q

Muscarinic (Cholinergic) Antagonists

A

Decr secretions and gut motility, UO/urge, peripheral blood flow, eye dilation

eg. Atropine

Tolteradine, Oxybutynin (for overactive bladder)

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5
Q

Diuretics

A

For HTN, hypervolemia, edema, HF

Effect: Decr Na, Cl, and H2O reabsorption, Decr BP
SdE: hypovolemia and hyperKalemia

NN: monitor weight, I/O, fall rx and voiding urgency! take in AM

e.g. Thiazides (HCTZ), Furosemide (Lasix), Spironolactone, Mannitol

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6
Q

Anti-hypertensives

A

Block SNS, RAAS, renal fluid retention, decr SVR e.g. ACEi (Lisinopril), ARB (Valsartan), CCB (Nifedipine), BBs (Hydralazine & Metoprolol)

Watch for fluid balance and arrhythmias

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7
Q

Anti-Platelets

A

For Acute thrombotic events, eg strokes, MI, PE

SdE: GI irritation, bleeding rx, tinnitus (ASA OD) NN: know drug life, appropriate doses for ASA (81-325 vs 650mg)

Block COX/other receptor activation in clotting cascade -> platelet plug won’t form

E.g. Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Ticlopidine

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8
Q

Anti-Coagulants

A

Inhibit or block clotting cascade or thrombin directly

For acute or chronic use,

SdE: bleeding rx NN: some are teratogens, know normals for aPTT (Hep) and PT/INR (Warf)

Heparin (acute) Enoxaparin Warfarin (chronic) Dabigatran Apixaban

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9
Q

Thrombolytics

A

Activate plasminogen to dissolve fibrin in clots For acute events and declotting CLs (once you’ve tried everything else)

SdE: bleeding rx

NN: recognize sx of internal bleeding! don’t do any unnecessary procedures that could cause them to start bleeding!

most effective for strokes <3-4.5 hrs after Alteplase (tPA)

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10
Q

Calcium channel blockers

A

For HTN, esp AA pts, and Angina management SdE: flushing, HA, incr HR (Ca other effect), edema
E.g. Nifedipine, Amlodipine

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11
Q

Beta Blockers

A

For tachycardia, HTN, HF

SdE: bradycardia, hypoglycemia

Metoprolol

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12
Q

Angiotensin-conversion-enzyme inhibitor (ACEi)

A

For HTN, HF
SdE: hypovolemia, vasodilation, K RETENTION, decr cardiac remodeling, OH, cough
ASdE: angioedema (swollen tongue, lips - a/w rx!)

Lisinopril, Enalapril (Vasotec), Altace

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13
Q

Angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB)

A

For HTN, HF

SdE: same as ACEi’s

Valsartan

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14
Q

Amphetamines

A

CNS stimulants; Levo- and dextroamphetamine types
For ADHD, narcolepsy, obesity
SdE: irritability, tachycardia, sleep disturbance, drug dependence/tolerance
Eg Adderall (ADHD, combo drug), other “-drine” drugs
Note: be careful of concurrent use w/ antidepressants or mood stabilizing drugs

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15
Q

Anti-Allergy Drugs

A

Antihistamines- Loratidine (Claratin), Fexophenadine, Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) SdE: drowsiness
Decongestants- Flonase, Pseudephedrine
SdE: sympathomimetic (amp up)
Chronic use (>3 days) -> rebound congestion!

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16
Q

Alzheimer’s Drugs

A

Incr ACh levels
Eg Aricept (Donepezil), Glantamine (Reminyl)
SdE: anorexia, n/v, dizziness, HA
-slows it, doesn’t cure it

17
Q

Antibiotics

A

Aminoglycosides - eg Gentamicin

Cephalosporins - eg Cefazolin (Ancef)

Fluoroquinolones - eg Ciprofloxacin
Macrolides - eg Azithromycin
Penicillins - eg Amoxicillin
Sulfonamides - eg Doxycycline (Vibramycin)
Anti-infectives - eg Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Rx for hepato/nephrotoxicity, sensitivity rxn, interactions with other meds

18
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Phenytoin (Dilantin) - SdE: gingival hyperplasia
Phenobarbital (Luminal)
Valproic Acid (Depakote)
Levtiracetam (Keppra)
Topiramate (Topamax)

SdE: n/v, HA, drowsy, RR decr, hypotension
Note: avoid abrupt withdrawals, incr dose slowly

19
Q

Antidepressants

A

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) - Amitriptyline (Elavil), Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
SSRI - Citalopram (Celexa), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), Sertraline (Zoloft)
MAOI - Phenelzine (Nardil) - avoid Tyramine foods (smoked, aged)
-don’t get along with SSRIs
Atypicals - Bupropion, Mirtazapine (Remeron)

SdE: AntiAch, HA, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, appetite incr
Note: no abrupt w/drawals
-SSRIs need minimum 2-6 weeks to avoid Serotonin syndrome

20
Q

Antidiarrheals

A 
Diphenoxylate HCL (Lomotil)
Loperamide (Imodium)

SdE: tachycardia, RR drop, ileus, urinary retention, dry mouth

Watch for F/E imbalances; not suitable for C dif pts (cuz they need to eliminate the bug first)

21
Q

Antiemetics

A

Ondansetron (Zofran)

SdE: HA, dizzy, constipation/diarrhea

Give 30-60min before chemo, avoid ETOH

22
Q

Anti-gout

A

Reduce uric acid production and inflammation

Allopurinol (Zylo/Alloprim)
Colchicine (Colchrys, Mitigare)

SdE: n/v/d/c, cramps, GERD
Watch out for SJS w/ Allopurinol!
Teach pt to incr fluid intake to avoid renal calculi, etc!

Also used for Behçet’s disease (blood vessel inflammation)

23
Q

Anti-lipidemics

A

Atorvastatin (Lipitor), and other statins Cholestyramine (Questran) Ezetimibe (Zetia)

SdE: n/v/c/d, cramps, abd distention, rx for T2DM

No grapefruit juice for HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors (statins), take in the evening
Watch out for SAMS (incl rhabdomylysis) & Hepatotoxicity*

*Need to have pre-tx liver enzyme labs done.

24
Q

Anti-neoplastics (CA)

A

Carboplatin, Cisplatin (Alkylating, DNA acting) Fluororacil, Methotrexate (Antimetabolites)

SdE: renal, GI, skin issues, nephro- or ototoxicity, alopecia (or any fast growing cells)
**top concern is infection prevention!!

25
Q

Anti-osteoporotic

A 
Alendronic Acid (Fosamax)
Usually taken with Vitamin D and Calcium

SdE: GI irritation (CI for esophageal disease)

Note: take 30min before meal, stay upright

26
Q

Parkinson Drugs

A

Restore dopamine and Ach balance

Amantadine (Symmetrel), Bromocriptine (Parlodel), Carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet)
Benztropine (Cogentin) - anticholinergic

SdE: hypotension, incr HR, n/v/c, fatigue, dry mouth
Toxicity: muscle twitching!

27
Q

AntiPsychotics

A

Haloperidol (Haldol), Prochlorperazine

Clozapine (Clozaril), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Quetiapine (Seroquel), Risperidone (Risperdal), Ziprasidone

SdE: EPS (TD, Parkinsonism), sedation, hypotension, anti-ACh effects, sexual dysfunction
QT prolongation for some of them!

May take 2 weeks for effects, avoid caffeine, incr fluids to avoid anti-Ach

EPS management: Clonazepam, Benztropine

28
Q

AntiSpasmodics

A

Scopolamine
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
Dicyclomine (Bentyl)

For bladder spasms (overactive B),

29
Q

Anxiolytics

A

Benzodiazepines

  • Alprazolam (Xanax), Lorazepam (Ativan) } short
  • Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), Clonazepam, Diazepam } longer-acting

Non-barbiturates
-BuSpar, Benadryl, Zolpidem

SdE: decr mental alertness, euphoria, hypotension, HA, dizzy

Avoid ETOH and caffeine

30
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Xanthines - Theophylline
Anticholinergics - Ipratropium (Atrovent)
Leukotriene antag - Montelukast (Singulair)
Inhaled steroid - Budesonide (Pulmicort), Fluticasone (Flovent)

SdE: incr HR, decr BP, HA, weakness, ur retention, dry mouth, dizzy, palpitations

Inhalers: wait 1-5min between, use bronchodilator first
Encourage fluids to avoid dry mouth

31
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Anti-inflammatory effect; for allergies, asthma, COPD, RA, MS, IBD/UC, psoriasis, Addison’s (adrenal insufficiency)

Prednisone, Cortisone, Dexamethasone (Decadron)
SdE: decr immune response, insomnia, acne, dizzy, weight gain, slow wound healing, nausea, bloating

Be careful of live vax, NSAIDs, and antifungals

Long-term use: can incr rx for cataracts

32
Q

Erectile Dysfunction Drugs

A

Enhance nitric oxide in body, to relax penis, enable erection

Sildenafil (Viagra), other -nafils (Stendra, Levitra)

SdE: flushing, HA, abd discomfort, backache, nasal congestion, visual changes

Don’t take in combo with some cardiac meds (Nitroglycerin) or if hypotensive

33
Q

H2 Receptor Blockers

A

Decr histamines -> decr gastric secretions

Famotidine (Pepcid), Ranitidine (Zantac)

SdE: dizzy, HA, drowsy, confusion, nephrotoxic

Watch out for Warfarin effect (may incr), give 1-2hrs before/after antacids

34
Q

Laxatives

A 
Psyllium (Metamucil)
Docusate sodium (Colace)
Bisacodyl (Ducolax), Sennakot } stimulant
Milk of Mag, Sodium phosphate } saline osmotic

SdE: cramps, F/E imbalance
CI for abd obstruction/pain & for n/v pt
Saline Osmotics are most rapid acting!
Fall-rx prevention/safety!

35
Q

Muscle Relaxers

A

Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
Dantrolene
Tizanidine (Zanaflex)

36
Q

NSAIDs

A

Ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil), Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn)

SdE: tinnitus (Sx of toxicity!), hepatotoxicity, GI irritation/bleeding (melena)

Look out for CI/interactions w/ other meds/procedures Avoid ETOH

37
Q

Opioids

A

Codeine, Fentanyl, Hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxy/hydro-codone

SdE:
Decr RR, sedation, constipation, nausea, drowsy
Can suppress cough reflex as well, not good for COPD/chronic respiratory pts

Watch for RR depression, have Naloxone on standby!

Tramadol most commonly Px for d/c, d/t lower rx for respiratory depression.

38
Q

PPIs

A

Decr H+ ion entry into GI

Omeprazole (Prilosec), Lansoprazole (Prevacid), Pantoprazole (Protonix)

SdE: dizzy, HA, drowsy, confusion, nephrotoxic

Do NOT crush! Watch out for Warfarin effect (may incr), give 1-2hrs before/after antacids

39
Q

Hypoglycemics

A

Sulfonylurea - Glimepiride, Glipizide
Biguanides - Metformin (Glucophage)
Meglitinides - Repaglinide (Prandin)

For T2DM
Rx for hypoglycemia (other extreme)
NOT for T1!

Pharm (4 decks)

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