Drug and Toxin Flashcards
what drug prevents an action potential from occurring?
- mainly work by blocking sodium channels
- Local anaesthetics (Novacaine) and tetrodotoxin (pufferfish)
what drugs prevent NT release?
Hololena Curta Spider venom
- work by blocking Ca channels that prevent exocytosis of NT from occurring
Botox
- interferes with SNARE proteins that also prevent exocytosis, muscle is not able to be stimulated and hence why no wrinkles and movement
what drugs increase NT release?
Black Widow Spider Venom
- increase of CA, increasing the exocytosis movement, releasing acetylcholine, too much activity of the synaose can damage it and lead it to paralysis
Amphetamine and Meth
- transport takes on opposite function and releases NT into cleft, increase in transmitter, so much dopamine lies in the cleft leading to ver high energetic behaviour
what drugs prevent NT reuptake?
- transporters are blocked, meaning there is more transmitters in the cleft, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are not able to be taken up into the postsynaptic cell
- cocaine, Ritalin (ADHD med), some antidepressants
what drugs prevent NT deactivation?
- prevent the action of enzymes to break down NT (typically breaks down dopamine and serotonin), leading to excess NT
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors, organophosphates (pesticides)
what drugs block receptors?
- some antipsychotic drugs and African mamba venom
- block the receptor and not allow the next cell to receive the signal, no action is created, reducing the amount of serotonin in the synapse
what drugs stimulate receptors?
- the drug will mimic the NT actions and will bind to the receptor to create an intense feeling
- nicotine, opiates, LSD (similar chemical structure to serotonin)
what drugs mimic retrograde transmitters?
- will inhibit the release of glutamate (excitatory) and GABA and THC will bind to cannabinoid receptors from the NT take couldn’t be reuptake
- Marijuana (THC)
how does caffeine work as a drug?
- block adenosine receptors (normally, adenosine would reduce the release of excitatory NT)
- increase the release of excitatory NT
- increase affinity of receptor to dopamine
- interferes with GABA receptors (inhibitory)
how does ketamine work as a drug?
- used as a tranquillizer, sedative, dissociative effect, psychedelic, anti-depressant
- ketamine turns into HNK which activates the AMPA glutamate receptors (excitatory), blocks the NMDA glutamate receptor
how does alcohol work as a drug?
- ethanol binds to adenosine transportes and increase adenosine amount in ECM, leading to reduced release of NT and inhibition in postsyn
- inhibits voltage-gated Ca channels
- decrease the likelihood of NT release
- interferes with metabotropic receptors (glutamate)
- binds to ionotropic receptors and influences the passage of ions
how is the method of administration important for how long a drug last?
drugs that give you a fast peak in effects will be more addicting because you crave that peak and it wears off a lot quicker (ex. smoking cigarettes) where drugs that take a lot longer to kick in will last a lot long and be less addicting (ex. chewing tobacco)
define tolerance
the effect of a standard dose is reduced after repeated drug use
- after repeated use, a higher dose is needed to obtain the same initial effects
define withdrawal
when the expected drug is not administered (location, time) the use experiences effects opposite to the regular drug effects
define nerual adaptations
the compensatory neural mechanism that opposes drug effects
- actual drug effect - neural mechanisms = what you actually feel
