Drug Administration Uses

Question 1

|ll. Absorption of Drugs

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ROUTE OF

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ADMINISTRATION

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Oral

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Sublingual

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Intravenous

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Intramuscular

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Subcutaneous

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Inhalation

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Topical

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Transdermal

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(patch)

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Rectal

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Figure 1.5

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ABSORPTION

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PATTERN

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Dohert

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Variabl

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iable; affected by many

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factors

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Depends on the drug:

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Few drugs (for exam

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nitroglycerin) have rapid

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direct systemic absorption

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Most drugs erratically or

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incompletely absorbed

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• Absorption not required

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Depends on drug diluents:

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Aqueus solution: prompt

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Depot preparations:

Question 31

slow and sustained

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• Depends on drug diluents:

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Aqueous solution: prompt

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Depot preparations:

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slow and sustained

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• Systemic absorption may

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occur; this is not always

Question 38

desirable

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Variable; affected by skin

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condition

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area of skin

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other factors

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e Slow and sustained

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• Erratic and variable

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ADVANTAGES

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• Safest and most common

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convenient

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and economical

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route of administration

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bypasses first-pass effect

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acid

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s destruction by stomach

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• Drug stability maintained because

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the pH of saliva relatively neutral

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ay ause mmedlate

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narmacological effects

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Can have immediate effects

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Sisitable f ttmes

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and complex mixtures

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•Valuable in emergency situations

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• Dosage titration permissible

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edl Tor nign molecular weight

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proteins and peptide drugs

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e Suitable if drug volume is moderate

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• Suitable for oily vehicles and certain

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Proforable to intravenous if patient

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must self-administer

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Suitable for slow-release d

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• ldeal for some poory soluble

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suspensions

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• Absorption is rapid; can have

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immediate effects

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• ldeal for gases

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• Effective for patients with respiratory

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• Dose can be titrated

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Localized effect to target lungs; lower

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doses used compared to that with

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oral or parenteral administration

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• Fewer systemic side effects

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• Suitable when local effect of drug is

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desired

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e May be used for skin

Answer 80

eye

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vaginal

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and intranasal products

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• Minimizes systemic absorption

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•Easy for patient

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• Bypasses the first-pass effect

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e Convenient and painless

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• ldeal for drugs that are lipophilic

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and have poor oral bioavailability

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• ldeal for drugs that are quickly

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eliminated from the body

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•Partially bypasses first-pass effect

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Bypasses destruction by stomach acid

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• ldeal if drug causes vomiting

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• ldeal in patients who are vomiting

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or comatose

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DISADVANTAGES

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e Limited absorption of some drugs

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o Food may affect absorption

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Patient compliance is fore

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systemic absorption

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Limited to certain types of drugs

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can be

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o May lose part of the drug dose if

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swallowed

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•Unsuitable for oily substances

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ous njection may result in

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Most substances must be slowly

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injected

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Strict aseptic techniques needed

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• Affects certain lab tests (creatine

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kinase)

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e intramuscular

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hemorrhage (precluded during

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anticoagulation therapy)

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Pain or necrosis if drug is irritating

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Unsuitable for drugs administered

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in large volumes

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• Patient may have difficulty

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• Most addictive route (drug can enter

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the brain quickly)

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reguiatng

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se

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may have

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difficulty using inhalers

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liazepem

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Some patients are allergic t

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patches

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which can cause irritation

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Drug must be highly lipophilic

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ben in small daily doses

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Drugs may irritate the rectal

Question 130

EXAMPLES

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•Acetaminophen

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tabie

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sUSpension

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• May cause delayed delivery of drug

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to pharmacologica

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faction

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mucosa

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o Not a well-accepted route

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The absorption pattern

Answer 139

advantages

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Ar

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troglycerin

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Pnorphine

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•Vancomycin

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Heparin

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Haloperidol

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Depor

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Some systemic absorption can occur Clotrimazole

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Unsuitable for drugs with high

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molecular weight or poor lipid

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solubility

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IrOYy

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progesterone

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o Epinephrine

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e Insulin

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Heparin

Question 156

o Albuterol

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e Fluticasone

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cream

Question 159

• Hydrocortisone

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Cream

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lol eye

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drops

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Nitroglycerin

Question 164

Nicotine

Question 165

Scopolamine

Question 166

Bisacodyl

Question 167

o Promethazine