Drug Abuse III Flashcards
How does the concept of allostasis relate to the development of addiction?
The ability to achieve stability through change. “ To obtain stability, an organism must vary all the parameters to its internal milie and match them appropriately to environmental demand..
What is the role of impulsivity in the transition from casual drug use to addiction?
Impulsivity is the inability to resist urges and making unreflective decisions without regards for consequences.
What is the role of compulsivity in transition from casual drug use to addiction?
Compulsivity is repeated behavior in the face of adverse consequences and repetitive behavior that are inappropriate to a particular situation. Negative reinforcement becomes compulsive
Explain the transition from casual drug use to addiction?
It has been neuro-biologically conceptualized as a shift from impulsive to compulsive use and driven by a transition from positive to negative reinforcement mechanisms.
Positive: Increases probability of a response like drug taking
Negative: Removal of stimulus produces negative feeling then increases the probability of a response like taking drugs
What is the three stage conceptual model of addiction?
- Binge/intoxication: Consumption. Substance is taken into VTA ( motivational area) causing release into nucleus accumbens ( reward system.)
- Withdrawal/negative affect: Extended amygdala. Dopamine levels decrease = tolerance
- Preoccupation/anticipation( craving) that worsens over time and involves neuroplastic changes in the brain reward, stress, and executive function systems
What is the Preoccupation/anticipation stage?
Person seeks substance again after period of abstinence.
“Go system” “ Stop system”
Go system: help in decision making planning and react to substance associated environmental cues.
Releases glutamate ( excitatory) to cause craving and urges.
Stop system of the prefrontal cortex causes inhibition of “ go system.”
Over activation of “ go system” promotes habits under activation of “ stop system.”
How do changes in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens contribute to the development of tolerance and experience of withdrawal?
Explain the role of the extended amygdala in the withdrawn/negative affect stage of addiction
- Diminished activation of reward circuitry of the basal ganglia dopaminergic system.
Activation of the brain stress system. ** Stress NT are released ( CRF/NE/Dynorphin.
- Plays role in negative feelings association with withdrawal, and in stress. Negative reinforcement becomes compulsive.
It follows the binge/intoxication stage and builds up in future binge and intoxication.
What is the concept of incentive salience and its relevance to the preoccupation/anticipation stage of addiction?
” Go system” helps in decision making planning and reacts to substance associated environmental cues. Exposure to cues dramatically increase the “ Go system,” prefrontal cortex activity.
Prefrontal cortex “ Go system” & “ stop system.”
Nucleus accumbens releases gluatamate to cause craving.
What are the three factors that increase vulnerability to relapse in addiction?
- Bried exposure to any abusable drug or compulsive behavior due to dopamine release and receptor downregulation.
- Stress ( Corticotropin releasing factor release and dopamine receptor downregulation.)
- Exposure to drug cues ( glutamate release)
What is the hierarchy of treatment for addiction? Why is addressing medical issues and detox a priority?
- Treat most acute medical issues first
- Detox
- QUite the midbrain with medication/abstinence
- Restore cortex; credible tools to manage stress
What is another way to view vulnerability to relapse in regard to reinstatement?
- Brief exposure: Drug induece reinstatement/relapse.
- Stress: Stress- induced reinstatement/relapse
- Exporude : Cue-induced reinstatement
What is self-administration?
The primary reinforcement of consummatory behavior
What is an animal model of relapse?
Reinstatement is the appetite/approach behavior
What is the stress induced reinstatement test?
- access to alcohol : active lever in delivery of reward with a light
- Dependence Induction:
- Extinction training
Rats are tested for reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior that is precipitated by stress. Intermittent footshock stress.
Strong face, predictive, and construct validity.
How does the concept of craving differ from simply ,” wanting something?” Explain the physiological basis of craving.
Over the course of developing an addiction, there is a marked increase in wanting the drug even though there is no change or even a decrease in liking due to something like tolerance.
