Drug abuse Flashcards
What is tolerance?
Decreased effect of a drug with repeated administration
- increasing doses of a drug needed to produce a specific effect
What does the mesolimbic system project to?
- Nucleus accumbens
- amygdala
- Hippocampus
- prefrontal cortex
Where does dopamine originate?
Ventral tegmental area or VTA
What is the general rule about all addictive drugs?
They all affect the mesolimbic dope system
What are some of the most addictive drugs
- Opioids
- Nicotine
- Benzos
- Cocaine
- Amphetamines
- in order from (5,4),( 2,1) and 3
What receptors do opioids target?
Mu, Delta and and kappa
What are the common general and health care professional abused opioids?
Heroin, morphine, codeine and oxy
Meperidine (demoral) and fentanyl
What are some of the withdrawal effects coming down from opioids?
Chills, cramps, lacrimation, yawning, hyperpnea, tremors, N, V, muscle jerks (“kicking the habit”)
- NOT FATAL but very unpleasant
What is Methadone?
It is a mu agonist
- can be given to people trying to come off of an opioid
- can be injected tho to get euphoric effects
What is Buprenorphine?
It is a partial mu agonist which can be combined with naloxone to create Suboxone which doenst cause euphoria when injected
What is the general effect of Sedative-hypnotics?
Reduce inhibitors
suppress anxiety
produce relaxation
Flunitrazepam
Rohypnol which is the date rape drug known as roofies
- Gamma-hydroxybutyrate can also have to same affects of amnesia
Why would one be worried about someone coming down from Sedative-hypnotics?
Because it can commonly cause seizures and can be live threatening
- also anxiety, n, v, delirium and tremors
How do you treat Sedative-hypnotics withdrawal?
Give Diazepam which is a long acting sedative hypnotic (Benzo)
- Clonidine and propranolol can also be given to suppress sympathetic overactivity
- Naltrexone can be used for treatment of alcoholism
How does nicotine work?
It is an nicotine acetylcholine receptor agonist (nAChR)
- there is VTA involvement cause rewarding effects of nicotine by partial agonist of AChr in VTA
How do you treat withdrawal from nicotine?
Can cause anxiety and mental discomfort.
But with Verenicline which is a partial agonist nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the VTA
What are the monoamine neurotransmitters?
- NE
- DA
- 5HT
- Adrenalin
What can chronic amphetamine use lead to
one can enter a psychotic state
also develop necrotizing arteritis which later leads to hemorrhage and renal failure.
What are the common etiologies of cocaine use fatalities?
arrhythmias, seizures or respiratory depression
Why is Cocaine positively reinforced?
Short acting euphoria self-confidence increased mental alertness and depression of mood when stop taking it
What are some of the clinical uses of Marijuana?
Analgesic
antiemetic
decreased intraocular pressure
What is the Molecular mechanism of Cannabinoids?
They target CB1 receptors which are found at the PREsynaptic neuron
- Endogenous are released from POSTsynaptic dendritic membrane
called RETROGRADE messengers
What are the cannabinoid compounds
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Cannbidiol (CBD)
Cannabinol (CBN)
