Drug Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main classes of beta-lactam antibacterial drugs?

A

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams

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2
Q

Second-Generation cephalosporin

A

cefaclor

cefuroxime

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3
Q

Third-Generation Drugs

A

Cefotaxime, cefixime , ceftrixone

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4
Q

Azoles

A

They inhibit demethylase (cytochrome P450 enzymes

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5
Q

What are some inhibitors of beta-lactamases that can be added to overcome bacterial resistance?

A
  • Clavulanic acid
  • Sulbactam
  • Tazobactam
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6
Q

Which penicillin is not excreted by the kidneys and is instead excreted mainly in the bile?

A

Nafcillin

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7
Q

Beta-lactam antibiotics are

A

Bacteriocidal

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8
Q

What are the examples of natural penicillins?

A
  • Penicillin G
  • Penicillin V
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9
Q

What is the spectrum of activity for aminopenicillins?

A

Wider-spectrum, Extended spectrum including gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms

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10
Q

Which class of penicillins is active against Pseudomonas?

A

Antipseudomonal penicillins

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11
Q

What is the most common side effect of penicillins?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins?

A

Similar to penicillins – Bactericidal by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

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13
Q

What are the first-generation cephalosporins?

A
  • Cefazolin
  • Cefadroxil
  • Cephalexin
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14
Q

What is the major elimination mechanism for cephalosporins?

A

Renal excretion via active tubular secretion

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15
Q

Cefepime

A

Fourth-Generation
empiric drug in nosocomial pneumonia

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16
Q

What is the primary clinical use of ceftriaxone?

A

Treatment of serious infections like sepsis and Lyme disease

17
Q

What are the side effects associated with vancomycin?

A
  • Phlebitis
  • Red man syndrome
18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?

A

Inhibits transglycosylation by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala terminal of peptidoglycan

19
Q

Which antibiotics are classified as protein synthesis inhibitors?

A
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Tetracyclines
  • Macrolides
  • Clindamycin
  • Aminoglycosides
20
Q

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal RNA

21
Q

What is the clinical use of erythromycin?

A

Effective against Mycoplasmal pneumonia, H. Pylori infection, and Chlamydial infections

22
Q

Fill in the blank: The bacterial ribosome consists of a ______ subunit and a ______ subunit.

23
Q

True or False: Azithromycin absorption is impeded by food.

24
Q

Amphotericin B

A

of life-threatening, systemic mycoses
fungicidal

Intrathecal infusion of amphotericin B is useful in patients with
meningitis
Pregnancy b

25
Amphotericin B Adverse effects
Anemia Renal impairment
26
Nystatin
topical treatment of Candida infections because of its systemic toxicity oral formulation negligibly absorbed from the gastrointestinal
27
Drugs that inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol
Azoles Terbinafine