Drug Flashcards
What are the four main classes of beta-lactam antibacterial drugs?
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams
Second-Generation cephalosporin
cefaclor
cefuroxime
Third-Generation Drugs
Cefotaxime, cefixime , ceftrixone
Azoles
They inhibit demethylase (cytochrome P450 enzymes
What are some inhibitors of beta-lactamases that can be added to overcome bacterial resistance?
- Clavulanic acid
- Sulbactam
- Tazobactam
Which penicillin is not excreted by the kidneys and is instead excreted mainly in the bile?
Nafcillin
Beta-lactam antibiotics are
Bacteriocidal
What are the examples of natural penicillins?
- Penicillin G
- Penicillin V
What is the spectrum of activity for aminopenicillins?
Wider-spectrum, Extended spectrum including gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms
Which class of penicillins is active against Pseudomonas?
Antipseudomonal penicillins
What is the most common side effect of penicillins?
Hypersensitivity reactions
What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins?
Similar to penicillins – Bactericidal by inhibiting cell wall synthesis
What are the first-generation cephalosporins?
- Cefazolin
- Cefadroxil
- Cephalexin
What is the major elimination mechanism for cephalosporins?
Renal excretion via active tubular secretion
Cefepime
Fourth-Generation
empiric drug in nosocomial pneumonia
What is the primary clinical use of ceftriaxone?
Treatment of serious infections like sepsis and Lyme disease
What are the side effects associated with vancomycin?
- Phlebitis
- Red man syndrome
What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?
Inhibits transglycosylation by binding to D-Ala-D-Ala terminal of peptidoglycan
Which antibiotics are classified as protein synthesis inhibitors?
- Chloramphenicol
- Tetracyclines
- Macrolides
- Clindamycin
- Aminoglycosides
What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?
Inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal RNA
What is the clinical use of erythromycin?
Effective against Mycoplasmal pneumonia, H. Pylori infection, and Chlamydial infections
Fill in the blank: The bacterial ribosome consists of a ______ subunit and a ______ subunit.
50S, 30S
True or False: Azithromycin absorption is impeded by food.
True
Amphotericin B
of life-threatening, systemic mycoses
fungicidal
Intrathecal infusion of amphotericin B is useful in patients with
meningitis
Pregnancy b
Amphotericin B Adverse effects
Anemia
Renal impairment
Nystatin
topical treatment of Candida
infections because of its systemic toxicity
oral formulation
negligibly absorbed from the gastrointestinal
Drugs that inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol
Azoles
Terbinafine
