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Pharmacy Year 2 TBL 1 > Drops, sprays and inhalers > Flashcards

Drops, sprays and inhalers Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of drops solution

A

aqueous
organic
alcholic

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2
Q

Say the medial names of the following and how many drops in each
Eyes
Nose
Ears

A

occular 1-2 drops
nasal 2-3 drops
otic/aural 3-4 drops

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3
Q

How many drops in 1ml

A

20 drops

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4
Q

What kind of solvent is always used for eye drops?

A

Aqueous

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5
Q

How is sterility achieved with eye drops?

A

Sterile single use vials

Preservatives

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6
Q

Packaging for eye drops must be..

A

protective of contamination and produce accurate dosing

must be discarded 28 days after opening

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7
Q 
Eye drops excipients (excluding preservatives)
Tonicity=
Viscosity= and why
pH buffers to affect what? Examples
Antioxidants
A

0.9%
hypromellose and polyvinyl alcohol to prolong contact with the eye
Buffers- stability, therapeutic activity, comfort of patient (pH 7.2-7.4)
Examples: boric acid, citric acid, sodium phosphate
Antioxidants: protect drug from oxidation e.g. sodium metabisulphate

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8
Q

Eye drops preservatives - name 3

A

Benzalkonium chloride
Chlorhexidine
Chlorobtanol

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9
Q

Most commonly used eye drop preservative? Why?

When isn’t it used?

A

Benzalkonium chloride
Broad spectrum of antibiotic properties
Incompatible with contact lenses

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10
Q

When are preservative free eye drops used?

Packaging?

A

After surgery or in hypersensitivity reactions

sterile single use vials i.e. minims

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11
Q

Name the 4 different types of packaging for eye drops. Describe them.

A

1) Sterile single use vials -injection moulded plastic with a sealed screw cap. Vials autoclaved to ensure sterility
2) Plastic bottles - sterilised before filling and filled using aseptic technique
3) Glass bottles - mostly for extemp products. 10ml ribbed amber bottles with dropper. Sterilised after filling
4) auto droppers to help patients administer the drops

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12
Q

Nose and ear drops and sprays are..

A

solutions

sometimes combination products

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13
Q

Nose drops and sprays pH

A

pH 5.5-6.5

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14
Q

Nose drops tonicity

A

0.9%

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15
Q

Nose drops local use for…

A

congestion, inflammation, infection

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16
Q

Nose drops systemic use example

A

Nicorette nasal spray

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17
Q

Nose drop vehicles are usually

A

aqueous

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18
Q

Ear drops/sprays local effect

A

softening ear wax
infection
inflammation
can be combination products

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19
Q

Vehicles for ear drops include

A

propylene glycol
oils
glycerol
water

20
Q

Nose and ear drops have similar packaging to..

A

eye drops

21
Q

Nose and ears sprays - consider 3 things

A

Age of patient
plastic vs glass
metered dose vs squeezy bottle

22
Q

What is the main issue of the packaging of ear and nose drops and sprays?

A

Contamination hence short shelf life once opened

23
Q

5 advantages of drops and sprays

A 
convenient
reduced systemic side effects
fast local action
sprays used for systemic use bypass 1st pass metabolism
Drops can be administered in children
24
Q

4 disadvantages of drops and sprays

A

inaccurate dosing of drops and squeezed bottles
manual dexterity
patient preference
short shelf life once opened

25
Q

Inhalers are designed to what?
Local…
Systemic…

A

Deliver drug directly to lung

mostly local effect but potential for proteins and peptides to be delivered for systemic effect

26
Q

How does particle size of drug effect how a drug from an inhaler acts?
Too small
Too big
Optimum

A

smaller the particle size, the further down the respiratory tract the drug will penetrate
<1 micrometer results in particle being exhaled
>10 micrometers results in drug remaining in oropharynx
best size 3-5 micrometres

27
Q

Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) have what inside them?

A

Aerosol of drug and a propellant

28
Q

Propellant types?

A

HFAs vs CFCs

i.e. hydroflouroalkanes vs chloroflourocarbons

29
Q

Actuation of an MDI results in what?

A

evaporation of propellant to form droplets to be inhaled into the lung

30
Q

Technique for MDI drug delivery?

A

Coordination between actuation and inspiration
Long steady inspiration
One inspiration per actuation

31
Q

Why must you shake an MDI before use?

A

To disperse the propellant and the drug

32
Q

When are breath activated MDIs most commonly used?

A

for patients with coordination issues

33
Q

Name 2 brands of breath activated MDIs

A

Autohaler

Easi-breathe

34
Q

Propellant for MDIs?

A

HFA/CFC

Gases at room temperature are maintained as liquids under pressure in the aerosol cannister

35
Q

Surfactants for MDIs do what? example?

A

Aid wetting for suspension

e.g. oleic acid

36
Q

Cosolvents for MDIs do what?

Example?

A

To aid dissolution

e.g. ethanol

37
Q

Are dry powder inhalers breath actuated?

A

Yes but require stronger breath inwards

38
Q

What is the drug form like in a dry powder inhaler? (DPI)

Doses compared to MDI?

A

Drug micronised powder for inhalation

Larger doses

39
Q

Do DPIs need:
coordination?
propellant?

A

No and no

40
Q

Name 4 brands of DPI

A

Accuhaler
Turbohaler
Handi-haler
Dischaler

41
Q

Accuhaler DPI has a carrier for the drug. What is it?

A

Lactose

42
Q

Why is lactose in accuhaler a problem?

A

It is the drug carrier and lactose remains in the mouth after drug is taken
patients complain of powder in the mouth

43
Q

Turbohaler DPI.. the excipients?

Advantages?

A

It’s pure drug

Little or no taste residue

44
Q

Packaging for MDIs

Advantageous or not?

A 
either
-tin plated steel
-plastic coated glass
-aluminium
very stable as container protects from oxidation and microorganisms
45
Q

Packaging for DPIs

Advantageous or not?

A 
Powder can be contained in
-preloaded chamber
-foil blister discs
-hard gelatin capsules
Susceptible to moisture degradation
46
Q

5 Advantages of inhalers

A
  • Can use small does
  • Reduced systemic side effects
  • Fast onset of action
  • Can use with drugs of poor oral bioavailability
  • Cost of MDI (Cheap)
47
Q

5 Disadvantages of inhalers

A
  • difficult to coordinate
  • Not suitable for all drugs
  • only 20% of drug reaches lung
  • Inflammation can reduce size of airways
  • Cost of DPI (expensive)

Pharmacy Year 2 TBL 1 (13 decks)

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