driver simple_csv Flashcards
qualities and skills needed by driver/operators? intro 1
safe driving techniques, types of pumping apparatus, positioning the apparatus to maximize efficiency and water supply, fire pump theory and operations, hydraulic calculations, water shuttle procedures, foam system operations, hydraulic calculations, and apparatus testing and maintenance.
fire apparatus are classified according to?p13
the primary function for which they are designed
main purpose of the fire department pumper is to?p13
provide adequate water pressure for effective water streams
nfpa 1901 standard for automotive and fire apparatus requirements for pumper design?p14
minimum pump capacity of 750 gpm and a water tank with capacity of at least 300 gpm
most municipal FD operating pumpers?p14
2000 gpm or less (250 gpm increments)
pumpers must have?p14
fire pump, intake and discharge pump connections, pump control and gauges, variety of hoses types and sizes.
nfpa 1901 specifies the portable equipment that must be carried on pumpers?p14
ground ladders, SCBA, forcible entry tools, salvage tools and equip., portable water tank, emergency medical equip.
rescue pumper?p14
combines the functions of both a rescue vehicle and a fire department pumper
what are the pumper foam capabilities?p15
discharge foam on class A(ordinary combustible) and class B(flammable and combustible liquid/gas) fires
compressed air foam systems (CAFS)p15
high-energy foam-generation system consisting of a water pump, foam proportioning system, and an air compressor (or other air source) that injects air into foam solution before it enters hose line
size foam tanks on municipal fire pumpers?p16
20-100 gallons
types of elevating devices that apply fire streams on pumpers are?p16
articulating and telescoping 50-75 ft
initial attack fire apparatusp16
primary purpose is to initiate a fire attack on structural, wildland, and support fd actions
characteristics of initial attack fire apparatus? p16
scaled-down versions of full-size pumpers(smaller chassis, pump, and agent tank sizes) aka mini-pumper or midi-pumper.
mini-pumperp16
small fire apparatus mounted on a pick-up truck size chassis, pump rated 500 fpm or less(speed and mobility)
midi-pumperp16
sized between mini-pumper and full sized, gross vehicle weight 12000 lbs, pump rated 1000gpm or less
system NIMS-ICS uses categorizes apparatus based on capabilities?p17
apparatus typing
used to transport water to areas where a water system is nonexistent or inadequate?p17
water supply apparatus(water tenders or tankers)
capacity of mobile water supply apparatus operating in a particular jurisdiction is based on?p17
terrain, bridge and weight limits, monetary constraints, interoperability
mobile water supply apparatus tank capacity per nfpa 1901?p17
1000 gpm or greater(greater capacity accommodated by tandem rear axles, tri-axles, or tractor trailer)
design and construction process of water supply apparatus should meet safety and efficiency requirements?p18
1 adequate/reasonable water capacity2 efficient fill/dump time3 suspension/steering matched to terrain4 properly sized chassis5 adequately sized engine for vehicle/terrain6 sufficient breaking ability (vehicle/terrain)7 proper tank mounting and baffling8 adequate tank venting system9 ability to dump water sides and rear
mobile water supply has two basic function on the fire ground?p18
mobile shuttle operation or stationary reservoir(nurse tender)
wildland fire apparatus design?p19
brush trucks, brush breakers, or booster apparatus-lightweight, highly maneuverable, all-terrain, one-ton or larger chassis, all-wheel drive, pump capacities and water tank of 500 fpm or less(up to 1000 gpm also available), pump and roll system
pump and roll system?p19
allows the apparatus to be driven while discharging water(separate motor or power take off PTO to power fire pump)
*riding on the outside of the apparatus may result in?p20
death or severe injury.
what is extremely effective in attacking wildland fires and protecting exposures?p20
class a foam agents
used to provide immediate suppression of flammable liquid fires and vapors from fuel spills?p20
aircraft rescue and fire fighting (ARFF) apparatus
ARFF units will respond off airport to assist municipal FD with?p20
large scale flammable liquid incidents
requirements for ARFF apparatus are found in?p20
nfpa 14 standard for aircraft rescue and fire fighting vehicles
nfpa 14 classifies apparatus by?p20
type of suppression agent(s) carriedagent capacitynumber of drive wheels
local jurisdictions devide apparatus into three categories:p20
major fire fighting vehicles rapid intervention vehiclescombined agent vehicles
fireboatp21
vessel or watercraft designed for fighting fires in marine environment(capacities as high as 50000 gpm)
functions of fireboat?p21
protect hazards on and adjacent to waterwaysice/water rescueemergency medical servicesfire fighting/relay pumping to land based apparatus
aerial apparatus equipped with fire pumps may? p21
function with the capabilities of an engine or ladder company
always consider the placement of an aerial because it is limited by its?p21
reach
quintp22
serves as an engine and ladder, equipped with fire pump, water tank, ground ladders, hose bed, and aerial device
nfpa 1901 standard for automotive fire apparatus, the vehicle(quint) must be equipped with?p22
pump rated at 1000 fpm or greater and water tank of 300 gallons or greater
rescue apparatus equipped with fire pumpsp22
small fire pump/tank=small fires/protective hose line extrication;do not have fire fighting capability of rescue pumpers
trailer mounted fire pumpsp22
long term pumping operations-petroleum storage facilities
responsible for operation of specialized mounted equipment as well as the fire pump?p22
driver/operator
step-up transformer the converts a vehicles 12- or 24-volt DC current into 110- or 220- volt AC current?p23
inverter
characteristics of inverter?p23
fuel efficient nearly noiseless operationmoved only short distancesmall power supply capabilitiestypically used to power vehicle-mounted flood lights
most common power source used for emergency services?p23
generators
powered by small gas/diesel engines 110-220 volt capacity, used when power is needed remote from apparatus, various capacities 5000 watts is typically highestp23
portable generators
larger capacity than portable units; power floodlights/any portable electrically operated equipment; powered by gas/diesel, pro, hydraulic system; 110-220 volt; capacities up to 12000 wattsp23
vehicle mounted generator
capacity up 50000 watts or greater, noisyp23
fixed generator systems
types of lighting equipment carried on pumping apparatus?p23
portable or fixed 300-1000 watts
advantageous when illumination is needed some distance away or additional lights requiredp23-24
portable lights
provide general lighting around the apparatus and nearby scene; raised, lowered or turned; banks of lights mounted on booms powered by electrical, pneumatic, or hydraulic; 500-1500 watts per lightp24
fixed lights(mounted)
commonly used during incident operations; stored on coils, portable reels, or fixed automatic rewind reels; 12-guage 3-wire 600 volt insulation and twist lock receptaclesp24
extension cords
most common rescues tool found on apparatus?p24
extrication(spreaders/shears)combination spread /shearsextension rams
rescue tools are powered by ?p24
hydraulic pressure, compressed air, or apparatus power take-off system
requires that driver/operator be skilled in the performance of certain maintenance tasks?p29
nfpa 1002
in many jurisdictions who is required to perform routine maintenance checks and functions?p29
driver/operators
keeping apparatus in a state of usefulness or readiness?p29
maintenance
to restore that which has become inoperable?p29
repair
provides a basis to train and certify fire apparatus and fire department maintenance officers?p29
nfpa 1071 standard for emergency vehicle technician professional qualifications
nfpa 1002 requires driver/operators to be able to perform routine tests, inspections, and servicing which systems?p30
batteries oilbreaking systems tires coolant system steering systemselectrical system beltsfuel system tools, apps, equiphydraulic fluids
repair work that involves complex tools, parts, or in-depth mechanical knowledge is left to a?p30
certified mechanic
inspection and maintenance check should be done ?p30
beginning of each tour of duty
more detailed inspection list may be completed on?p30
weekly or monthly basis
road salt during inclement weather?p32
corrosive effect on steel body components
most vulnerable areas to diesel fuel residue which leaves gummy residue?p32
engine compartments where linkages, fuel injectors, or other control may become inoperable
when washing the vehicle body and components care should be taken no to strip away?p33
necessary lubricants
new and unseasoned paint and protective coating should be washed frequently using cold water to harden the paint and keep it from spotting for how long?p33
first 6 months
clean automotive glass with?p34
warm soapy water or commercial glass cleaner
new apparatus have sensitive electronic equipment that can be damaged or destroyed by?p35
water or cleaning fluids
incoming driver/operator should consult the person being relieved for any pertinent information regarding?p35
incident activityequipment usageproblems
issued to individuals who demonstrate competence inspecting and driving vehicles with a gross vehicle rating of 26001 lbs or more?p36
commercial driver’s licence CDL
inspection method in which the driver/inspector starts at one point going clock/counter inspecting the entire apparatus?p36
circle or walk-around method
inspecting apparatus/equipment to ensure all equipment is in place, and ready for service?p36
operational readiness inspection
visual inspection of an apparatus to ensure the major components of the chassis are present and in proper working condition?p36
pre trip road worthiness inspection
inspection where a certain system or component of an apparatus is operated to ensure that it is functioning properly?p36
functional check
helps ensure that all required items are checked each time an inspection is completed?p36
systematic approach
whenever the apparatus is parked, be sure to?p37
chock the wheels
*do not run engines in ____ areas for any period of time , because diesel exhaust may contain up to ____ ?p37
unvented; 100 harmful chemicals and compunds
maximum amount of weight that an axle system can safely carry?p38
gross axle weight rating
*left and right orientation?p38
driver side/officer side; street side/curb side
is it acceptable to mix radial tires with bias-ply tires, or have different size and weight ratings?p38
always same type, size and weight
when examining tire condition check for?p39
proper tread depth and separationcuppingexcessive wear on sidewalls cutsdry rottingcracking tiresimpaled objects
nfpa 1911 requires all tires be replaced regardless of their condition every?p39
7 years
*inflate tires to there commended ____ tire pressure?p39
operating and not maximum
electrical monitoring system that will shed electrical load in a predetermined order if the chassis voltage begins to drop below a predetermined level? p40
load management system
operation of equipment or a conductor in excess of its rated capacity?p40
overload
device in an electrical system that turns lights on at specified intervals, so that the start-up load for all the devices does not occur at the same time?p40
load sequencer
device that “watches” an electrical system for added loads that may threaten to overload the system?p40
load monitor
when the overload condition occurs, the load monitor will shut down less important electrical equipment to prevent overload?p40
load shedding
component of the power train that receives torque from the engine and converts it to rotation to the wheels?p41
manual shift transmission
amount of travel the clutch has before it begins to disengage the engine from the transmission?p41
free play
component used to push on the internal clutch fingers connected to the clutch pedal and when activated, disengages the clutch from the engine?p41
throw-out bearing
in a steering system, the amount of travel between turning the wheel and when the steering system moves?p41
steering wheel play
steering wheel play should be no more than?p41
10 degrees either direction; 20 inch steering wheel=2 inches
maximum weight at which a vehicle can be safely operated on roadway in ideal conditions?p41
gross vehicle weight rating GVWR
braking system that uses a fluid in a closed system to pressurize wheels cylinders when activated?p42
hydraulic braking system
electronic system that monitors wheel spin and when wheel is sensed to begin locking up, the brake on that wheel is temporarily released to prevent skidding?p42
antilock braking system ABS
braking system that uses compressed air to hold off a spring brake(parking brake) and applies air pressure to a service brake for vehicle stopping?p42
air-actuated braking system
per nfpa 1901 and 1911 a side-to-side variance in weight should not exceed?p42
7.00%
in cab fire/rescue equipment should be?p42
in good working order and securely stowed
apparatus with air brakes are to be equipped with an _____ that prevents air horns or other nonessential devices from being used when pressure drops below ____?p43
air pressure protection device; 80 psi
apparatus brakes should be tested at least ____ using methods outlined in____?p43
annually; nfpa 1911
a series of tests used to ensure the serviceability of air braking system?p43
air break test
devices used in the air brake system that connect between the activation pads and the brake pads that compensate for brake pad wear?p43
slack adjusters
truck that uses a cab that lowers over the power train?p44
tilt cab
*before ____, be sure that there is adequate vertical clearance and secure all loose equipment in the cab?p44
lifting the cab
ifsta considers the air brake testing procedures outlined in the manual to be the ____________?p44
minimum acceptable daily air brake test
most fluid checks can be done be done before or after the engine has been run but not while the vehicle is running with the exception of ?p44
transmission fluid level
device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine?p45
diesel particulate filter DPF
applying grease and other lubricants to specific parts of the chassis to reduce wear, noise, and binding?p45
chassis lubrication
cab should be tilted on a ____ basis for a thorough inspection of the engine compartment?p45
weekly
in addition to DPF system, engines produced after January 1, 2010, may be equipped with an exhaust after treatment system called?p45
selective catalyst reductant SCR
failure to use the proper engine oil per manufacturer’s recommendation can lead to _____ and _____ damage?p46
costly engine and emission system
most modern truck batteries are ______, where older ones require the addition of ________ to replenish the cell’s fluid as it evaporates over time?p46
maintenance free; distilled water
most automotive batteries contain ?p47
lead and sulfuric acid
*batteries give off explosive hydrogen gas which can injure/kill, driver/operator should?p47
ventilate area, wear safety goggles, and wear acid resistant gloves
before attempting to jump-start a vehicle:p47-48
vehicles have same voltage verify which battery to use in operations manualcables are connect in recommended manner
specific inspection to an area of the chassis or apparatus to ensure that the unit i operating properly in accordance with the manufacturer’s initial design?p48
port-maintenace/repair inspection
fire pumps are tested at?p48
regularly scheduled intervals
anytime a pump has been operated at draft from saltwater source, lake, pond, or areas served by older water mains:p48
pump and piping should be thoroughly flushed.
who is responsible for the safe transport of firefighters, apparatus, and equipment to and from the scene of an incident?p79
driver/operator
___ has established minimum qualifications for apparatus driver/operators?p79
nfpa 1002
driver/operators should possess the following abilities and skills:p80-82
reading,computer, writing, and mathematical skillsphysical fitness, victual acuity, and adequate hearing
*while driving, the driver/operator should no operate a _____, focus on driving only!p81
mobile computer
periodic medical evaluation should be administered to establish and maintain fitness for duty in accordance with?p82
nfpa 1500
provides specific standards that contain information and specific details on uncorrected vision and diseases of the eye?p82
nfpa 1582
contains a list of frequencies that a driver must be able to hear/recommends rejecting those that don’t?p82
nfpa 1582
who establishes the basic requirements for licensing a driver in the US? Canada?p82
department of transportation DOTtransport canada TC
you are subject to all traffic regulations when driving under?p83
nonemergency conditions
regulate driver/operator in their duties?p83
federal lawstate/provincial motor vehicle codescity ordinancesnfpa standardsdepartment policies
act of proceeding to do something with a conscious awareness of danger, while ignoring any consequences?p84
reckless regard
breach of duty in which a person or organization fails to perform at the standard required by law or as expected by a reasonable person under similar circumstances?p84
negligence
willful and wanton disregard?p84
gross negligence
drive with due regard for the safety of others?p84
due regard
when responding to an emergency lights and sirens may be exempt from:p84
speed limitdirection of traveldirection of turnsparking statues and ordinaces
drivers who do not obey driving regulations can be subject to ____ if involved in an accident?p84
civil or criminal prosecution
perception of one’s surrounding environment and the ability to anticipate future events?p85
situational awareness
most common place for a collision to occur is at?p85
intersection
before allowing drivers to drive on public they should have?p85
completed training in a practice area/controlled environment
collision en route to an emergency will ?p85
end response of apparatus involved
fire apparatus collision are grouped into 7 basic causes which reflect the lack of due regard and situational awareness?p86
improper backingreckless driving excessive speedlack of skill/experienceoverloading and misusemechanical failurepersonal readiness
loss of braking function which occurs due to excessive use of the brakes?p87
brake fade
must not put yourself or members of the public in a position where there is no alternative to a ?p87
collision
lack of driving skills may result from:p88
overconfidenceinability to recognize a dangerous situationfalse sense of security-good driving recordmisunderstanding apparatus capabilitiesinsufficient training
in _____ of all collisions the driver was not aware of the problem until it was too late to correct?p88
42.00%
difference in weight empty/full of apparatus with a tank of 1000 gallons ?p88
8000lbs
apparatus with a properly baffled tank that is ____ may be more dangerous than ________ tank?p88
partially filled; empty/full
accidents occur because(apparatus)?p88
overloading, non engineered modification, and misuse
driver must be prepared to report to duty without any compromise of _____ or _____ ?p89
physical/mental ability
driver must always ensure the safety of_____ riding on the apparatus?p90
all personel
all riders on the apparatus must be ____ within the cab/body and wearing their _____ before apparatus is put in motion.p90
seated; seat belts
*driver is responsible for confirming all personnel have seat belts fastened, confirmation must be done ____?p90
verbally
nfpa 1500 provides the following direction on loading hose while driving:p91
train all member, fd must have SOPleast 1 safety observer, visual and voice comm with D/Eclose of are to trafficdrive forward only, 5 mph or lessno standing on apparatus while in motion
*fire fighters must ____ride on the outside of a moving apparatus for any reason.p92
never
____allows a detachable seat to be placed next to the tiller operator’s position in which an instructor may sit. p93
nfpa 1500
drivers must be capable of ___, ___ and ___the apparatus in a safe and efficient manner.p93
starting, idling, shutting down
when preparing to start the apparatus whether for emergency or routine trip driver must first known the ?p94
destination and route of travel
allowing a diesel engine to idle unnecessarily will waste fuel and may lead to the buildup of ____ in the injectors, valves, and piston causing damage to internal engine components and emission system.p94
carbon
lights when the exhaust system is very hot, usually due to an active regeneration in process.p94
high exhaust system temperature (HEST) indicator
lights up to indicate that the DPF is loading up with soot.p94
PDF indicator
allows driver to manually initiate an active regeneration to burn off the DPF soot loadp94
manual(parked) regeneration switch
allows driver to keep the engine from initiating an active regeneration process. parked on dry grass or combustible material.p94
regeneration inhibit switch
force that tends to create a rotational or twisting motion.p95
torque
the exhaust may never get hot enough to burn out the soot and an active regeneration is required if ?p95
frequent short run or in very cold climates
allows the cleaning of the DPF in stationary truck operations and requires operator involvement to initiate?p95
parked regeneration
parked regeneration cannot be initiated during?p95
pumping operations
apparatus equipped with selective catalyst reductant (SCR) has an additional tanked and must be filled with?p95
diesel exhaust fluid DEF
failing to keep the DEF tank full may _____ the apparatus engine, or limit the vehicle speed.p95
derate(reduce its torque output)
never shut down an engine immediately after full load operation, idle for?p95
3-5 minutes
*never rev a diesel engine immediately before shutting it down because damage to _______ may occur?p96
internal components
never shut down engine while apparatus is in ?p96
motion
mirrors help minimize blind spots and should be adjusted ?p96
beginning of shift/new driver assigned
apparatus equipped with _____ transmissions becoming the norm for many fd.p97
automatic
because of large size of aerials there are several points of potential contact under, so be cautious of:p97
steep rampscurbsspeed bumpsetc
angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the front tires touch the ground to the lowest projection at the front of the apparatus.p97
angle of approach
angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the lowest projection at the rear of the apparatus.p97
angle of departure
angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the bottom of the at the wheelbase midpoint.p97
breakover angle
weight transfer follows the law of inertia:p98
objects in motion stay in motion, objects at rest stay at rest unless acted upon by outside force
ensure axle loading is balanced within ___ percent side to side and with the ____ front to back.p98
7%; weight ratings
limit downhill speed to lower than maximum rpm to prevent ?p98
engine damage
unsafe and may be illegal to allow apparatus to coast out of gear or ____ while driving downhill.p98
freewheel
process of injecting or supplying the diesel engine with more fuel than can be burned?p99
over-throttling
when the throttle is applied when a manual transmission is too high a gear for the demand on the engine?p99
engine lugging
what results in an excessive amount of carbon particles in the exhaust, oil dilution, and additional fuel consumption?p99
over-throttling
when determining travel route avoid ?p99
low overpasses and incompatible bridges
19824 locations in the US where there less than 100 feet following the railroad track and account for an average of?p99
122 accidents annually
it may take ______ times greater distance for a vehicle to come to a complete stop on snow/ice than it does on dry pavement?p99
15-Mar
civilian drivers when encounter emergency vehicles with lights and sirens must:p100
pull to rightstopclear intersectionsremain motionless until emergency vehicle passes
guidelines to help avoid potential collisions:p100
aim high in steeringget the big picturekeep your eyes movingleave yourself an “out”maintain distance from front vehiclemake sure others can hear and see you
use of warning devices should be limited to response to?p100
true emergencies
electronic or mechanical sirens as well as air horns are?p101
audible warning
what is the best way to get the attention of motorists?p101
short air horn blasts and constant up and down oscillation of siren
above what speeds may you outrun the affective range of audible warning devices?p101
above 50 mph
in some instances increasing speed by 20 mph can decrease the audible distance by ?p101
250 feet or more
when multiple apparatus are responding together they should travel?p101
300-500 feet apart
*in-cab ___ ____ may make it more difficult to hear ambient noise or sirens of other emergency vehicles.p101
intercom headseats
driver should turn on headlights as part of the response because white lights are ?p101
readily visible even during daylight
the presence of traffic control devices(street light) does not relieve the driver from using?p102
defensive driving techniques
traffic signals in front of fire stations allow the apparatus to enter the roadway more _____?p102
safely
generates an optical signal that is received by the street light as apparatus approaches?p102
strobe lights (emitters)
activated by vehicles siren from several hundred feet to about half mile away, device will have 3 inch white and blue lights mounted?p103
traffic signal preemption device
data can be transmitted to a radio receiver on the traffic light using a gps device and radio transmitter?p103
gps based traffic signal preemption
many _____ as well as ____ require fire apparatus to come to a full stop and account for vehicles in all lanes before crossing the intersection.p104
jurisdictions; nfpa1500
when driver release pressure from the accelerator, the ____is activated?p105
engine break or retarder
distance vehicle travel from time the brakes are applied to until it comes to a complete stop?p105
braking distance
sum of the driver reaction distance and the vehicle braking distance?p105
total stopping distance
distance a vehicle travels while a driver transfers a foot from accelerator to break?p105
reaction distance
time needed to stop the apparatus or perform an evasive maneuver at current speed?p105
visual lead time
factor’s affecting the driver’s ability to stop the apparatus?p105
road conditionsspeed of apparatus weight of vehicletype/condition of tires/braking system
an uncontrolled slide across a surface in a wheeled vehicle?p107
skid
*using ordinary parking lots to conduct fire apparatus skid training may result in?p108
rollover accidents
*use extreme caution at minimal speeds for skid training using ?p108
tractor-drawn aerials
occurs when the gas pedal is applied too quickly?p108
acceleration skid
caused by braking too hard at a high rate of speed and locking the wheels?p108
locked wheel skid
should not apply the brakes, ease off the accelerator, and straighten out the front wheels?p108
acceleration skid
ease off the brake to unlock the drive wheels and then straighten the front wheels as the apparatus begins to respond to control?p108
locked wheel skid
losing control when descending grades most common causes involving driver error?p108
driving too fastfailing to anticipated obstaclesimproper use of auxiliary brakesimproper tire pressure/depth
____ system minimize the chance of the vehicle skidding when brakes are applied forcefully?p108
antilock braking system ABS
vehicles equipped with ABS driver should not pump the break pedal but rather ?p109
maintain steady pressure on the break pedal until stop
____ requires that all apparatus with a GVWR of _____ or greater be equipped with an auxiliary braking system.p109
nfpa 1901; 36000 lbs
four types of auxiliary brakes?p109
exhaust brakeengine compression brake transmission output retarderelectromagnetic retarder
_____ and _____ provide the highest level of braking torque and are unaffected by transmission gear shift changes.p109
transmission output retarders and electromagnetic retarders
*drivers should remember to ____ and ____ in inclement weather.p109
turn off the auxiliary brake and reduce speed
any device that uses the engine and transmission to impede the forward motion by compression of the engine?p110
engine compression brake
uses a valve to restrict the flow of the exhaust, which creates back pressure that adds to the engine ‘s inherent braking ability.p110
exhaust brakes
least capable of the 4 auxiliary brake devices?p110
exhaust brakes
electronically-actuated mechanical system added to the engine valve train; has no impact on engine temperature?p110
engine compression brake
mounted in the driveline, or supplied as an integral part of the rear axle; loss of effectiveness at high temperatures?p110
electromagnetic retarders
an electromagnetic field is created by supplying electrical power to a rise of coils in the retarder, inhibits the the rotation of rotor=braking torque rear wheels?p110
electromagnetic retarders
uses viscous property of the automatic transmission fluid to retard the driveline?p110
transmission retarders
can provide high braking capacity but are limited in high ambient environments by the capacity of vehicle cooling system?p110
transmission retarders
traction device which may be ineffective in snow deeper than 3-6 inches?p110-111
automatic chains
automatically reduces engine torque and applies the brakes to wheels that have lost traction and begin to spin; found in vehicles with ABS?p111
automatic traction control (ATC)
improves traction and handling by locking the differential during off-road and wet weather conditions?p111
driver controlled differential lock
allows operator to lock out the interaxle differential action between the rear tandem driving axles, creating one solid drive line between rear axles?p111
interaxle defferential lock
designed to help prevent roll-overs and tipping caused by cornering or sudden changes in direction?p112
stability control systems
integrated into ABS system; beside ABS sensor there is also a lateral accelerometer that sense when the side force caused by concerning approach to the roll over threshold?p112
roll stability control (RSC)
applies the brakes independently to aim the vehicle in the direction that the operator positions the steering wheel?p112
electronic stability control (ESC)
more capable than RSC: RSC merely slow down vehicle; has steering wheel sensor in addition to lateral accelerator?p112
electronic stability control (ESC)
*drivers must not rely solely on backup cameras to provide a full and accurate view of the scene, ___ are still required?p113
spotters
to safely back an apparatus drivers should use all means including scanning between ?p113
direct field of vision, video screens, and spotters
methods of communication between driver and spotter can be accomplished via?p114
radio and/or hand signals
*upon losing sight of the spotter, the driver must ____ ____ because the spotter could be killed or injured by the apparatus.p114
stop immediately
when backing spotter should be positioned in the vision of the driver:p114
preferably left mirror, 8-10 feet behind and slightly to the left of apparatus
how should hand signals be executed?p115
slow and exaggerated motion
permits tillering of the tractor-trailor apparatus in and out of traffic and around turns that would be difficult or impossible for other vehicles?p117
tiller axle
must be qualified to operate the aerial ladder and be familiar with the assigned to all truck company personnel?p117
tiller operator
tiller operator driving assignments:p117
straight line divingturning and backingproper placement of trailer at fires
provides specific directions on driver/op candidates’s evaluation, should be followed to certify personnel to the standard?p118
nfpa 1002
all fire apparatus training and testing should follow?p118
nfpa 1451 standard for fire and emergency service vehicle operations training program
always close ___ or ___ ____ ____ to reduce the potential for personnel to be injured from accidentally walking into doors left open.p119
swing-up or swing-out compartment doors
*stepping on open compartment doors can cause serious injury or death because they do not?p119
support heavy weight
always have a second person present when ?p119
working on, around, or under apparatus
when working on top of the apparatus wear?p120
PPE including helmet
before placing apparatus in motion driver must ensure that any hose carried will not ?p120
come loose during travel
*loose hose my drag behind vehicle and?p120
injure or kill
take special care to lay the hose in a manner conductive to the ____ design and keep apparatus very slow during deployment.p120
chute or trough
guidelines for hose loading and deployment:p120
couplings=pulled straight out not flippingnever cross hose over itself5 mph or less5 mph=7 ft hose per second
specifies that any equipment not needed while driving to scene must be secured?p120
nfpa 1901
securing bracket or cabinet must be capable of restraining the equipment against a force up to ____ the equipments weight?p120
10 times
*secure equipment in the ___ ___ before placing vehicle in motion, unsecured equip can cause serious injury or death in a crash.p121
crew areas(cab)
hydraulic fluids can leak from hoses at high temps and pressures causing?p121
burns or other injuries(toxic to human tissue)
*release pressure before working on system because high pressure fluid leak will pierce skin with pressures as low as?p122
100 psi
never attempt to remove any inlet or discharge cap on an apparatus until making certain there is no?p122
trapped pressure
*always open drain/bleeder valve before removing inlet or discharge cap, it can blow off with ____?p123
explosive force=injury or death
drivers should position the apparatus for the safest most advantageous use of the ?p135
features of the apparatus
act of preparing to manage an incident at a particular location/type of incident before it occurs?p136
pre-incident planning
ongoing evaluation of influential factors at the scene of an incident?p136
size-up
person in charge of the ICS and responsible for the management of all incident operations during an emergency?p136
incident commander (IC)
fire pumper’s primary function on the foreground is?p136
provide water directly for fire streams or to support other pumpers/earials
fire conditions upon arrival place apparatus:p136
safe positionbest tactical advantageexit route
pull past front of the building to view three sides?p136
no fire evident(investigation mode)
position apparatus to facilitate the most efficient deployment of ground ladders or aerial?p137
rescue situations
spot so that fire streams can be deployed to protect exposure avoiding high levels of radiant heat, falling embers, or other products of combustion.p137
exposures
area of limited access first arriving should consider laying their own supply line and laying out of the way of later arriving units.p137
water supply
considering wind direction, position apparatus ___ whenever possible.p138
upwind
regarding terrain always attempt to park ?p138
hard surfacesuphill(except wildland fires)
spot in location safe from incident hazards, protect personnel from traffic by blocking lanes where fire fighter operate plus 1 additional lane?p138
roadway response
spot either at corner of the building or 1 1/2 the height of the building away?p138
structural collapse or suspected
aids in identifying buildings with high potential for collapse?p139
pre-incident planning
old and poorly maintained, interior collapse, reinforcement rods identified by ornamental stars or bolts, bulging walls, traveling exterior cracks and falling brick indicate?p139
large scale structural collapse
apparatus, equipment, and personnel operating within ____ of the base of a high-rise fire may need protection from falling debris.p139
200 feet
pumpers yield an optimum position close to a building for ?p140
aerials
aerials are of no use beyond their?p140
maximum reach
“inside/outside” method building less than 5 stories tall?p140
pumper/aerial
“inside/outside” method building greater than 5 stories tall?p140
aerial/pumper
point which FD can connect into sprinkler/standpipe to boost water pressure and flow in the system?p141
fire department connection (FDC)
connection consist of a clappered siamese with 2+ 2 1/2 inch intakes or 1 ldh (4 in+) intake?p141
fire department connection (FDC)
to shuttle water between a source and an emergency scene using mobile water supply apparatus?p141
relay
acquiring water from a static source and transferring it into a pump that is above the source’s level?p141
drafting
atmospheric pressure on the water surface forces the water into the pump where a partial vacuum was created during?p141
drafting
supply of water at rest that does not provide a pressure head for fire suppression but may be employed as a suction source for fire pumps?p141
static water supply
water in a reservoir, pond, or cistern are examples of?p141
static water supply
friction loss due to distance and elevation are major considerations when supporting?p141
elevated streams
to supply a FDC most efficiently, a pumper should position as closely as possible to the?p141
water source
hydrants are usually in close proximity to FDC, if distance is great other options are?p141
relay or water shuttle
drivers should not _____ a non potable(non drinkable) and a potable(drinkable) water source.p141
cross-contaminate
may supply apparatus at the fireground directly or may serve as source pumpers for relay or water shuttle ops?p141
drafting pumper
permanently installed pipe that has a pumper suction connections installed at the static water sources to speed drafting operations?p142
dry hydrant
*any personnel working near the edge of bodies of water are required to wear a?p142
personal flotation device (PFD)
most common source of water?p142
fire hydrant
not designed/intended to be used under positive pressure conditions(coupling failure or hose rupture)?p142
hard intake hose
*only hard intake hose that has been designed to withstand ___ ___ should be connected to a fire hydrant.p143
positive pressure
hose used to connect a fire department pumper/or a portable pump to a nearby water source; may be soft/hard?p143
intake hose 10-50ft, 100ft
operation where a strong hydrant is used to supply two pumpers by connecting the pumpers intake-to-intake, 2nd pumper uses excess water.p144
dual pumping
short relay operation in which the pumper taking in water from the supply source pumps into the intake of the second which boosts pressure even higher?p144
tandem pumping
when opening hydrants stand _____ to prevent injury should a coupling disconnect/fail.p144
behind
2 pumpers are in close proximity and both are being used as attack pumpers?p144
dual pumping
form of relay pumping, pumpers close together rather than evenly spaced, when pressures higher than a single engine can supply?p144
tandem pumping
supplying high-rise sprinkler/standpipe; short distance from water source, but great from fire (up to 300ft)= ___ pumping?p145
tandem pumping
line, area, or zone where undeveloped wildland area meets a human development area?p146
wildland/urban interface
___ pumping is generally used to increase volume, while ___ pumping is most often undertaken to increase pressure.p146
relay; tandem
positioning apparatus for fighting wildland fires differs greatly from structural fire fighting considerations:p146
reposition often
point from which a fire line is begun; usually natural or man-made barrier that prevents fire spread and the possibility of the crew being “flanked” while constructing fire line?p147
anchor point
roads, lakes, ponds, or previously burned areas?p147
anchor points
ability of an apparatus to traverse a body of standing water?p148
fording
-the act of making a fire safe after it is controlled by extinguishing/removing burning material along/near the control line;overhaul of fire/hazmat scenep148
mop-up
driving the shoulders of railroad beds is dangerous tactic as coarse rock making up these beds may cause?p148
tire damage, sliding and rollovers
while wildland fire fighting a portion of the onboard water tank should be reserved for?p148
protection of vehicle and crew
resources responding to an incident are held in reserve at an away location while awaiting assignment?p150
staging
used on all multi company incidents, first arriving of each type proceed to scene while others stage 1-2 blocks away(closest intersection)?p150
level 1 staging
used on large scale incidents where a larger number of companies are responding; are sent to a specified remote location to await assignment?p150
level 2 staging
company officer of the first arriving company at staging takes command?p150
staging area manager
location where incident management logistics functions are coordinated and administered; only 1 per incident?p150
base
policies that allow for orderly placement of vehicles and enable the IC to maximize the potential of each apparatus?p150
staging policies
apparatus should not travel opposing the normal flow of traffic on highways or ramps unless ?p151
police have closed roadway to traffic
use sirens only to clear ____ moving traffic?p151
slow
fire apparatus are often placed to act as a shield between ?p151
oncoming traffic and firefighters working on roadway
side mounted pump panels should be positioned facing the ___ ___?p153
incident scene
consider when responding to any potential hazmat incident:p153
wind speed/directionapproach upwind/uphillidentify before approachdistance until identified
system of barriers surrounding designated areas at emergency scene, intended to limit exposures and facilitate mitigation?p153
hazard-control zones
with the changing dynamics of an incident control zone may be ?p153
expanded or contracted
hazardous area immediately surrounding the incident site; ppe/equipment, tech-level personnel?p154
hot zone (restricted, exclusion, red)
area between the hot and cold zones that usually contains the decontamination corridor; lesser ppe than hot zone?p154
warm zone(limited access, yellow)
safe area outside the warm zone where no contamination is expected; IC post/support functions?p154
cold zone(support, green)
never position apparatus on or too close to tracks; FD personnel must consider all railroad tracks to be?p154
“live”
for a fully loaded train to come to a complete stop it may require?p154
1-2 miles
*apparatus should maintain a clear zone of at least ____ from railroad tracks to prevent contact with objects on railroad cars.p155
30 feet
when positioning apparatus at emergency medical incidents consider:p155
leave ambulance enough roomspot on stable surface that supports weightuse apparatus as shield between work area/traffic
H2O is a compound(molecule) formed by 2 hydrogen atoms combined with 1 oxygen atom?p167
water
below 32ä‹Š (0 ä‹€) the freezing point of water it converts to a solid state of matter?p167
ice
above 212ä‹Š(100ä‹€) the boiling point of water it converts to a gas?p167
water vapor or steam
for fire protection purposes ordinary fresh water is considered to weigh?p167
64.2 lb/ft3 or 8.3 lb/gal
it can cool/absorb heat from fires as well as smother(exclude oxygen) from fire?p168
ways water extinguishes fire
fire in a closed space where water converts to steam; combustible liquids whose specific gravity is higher that one(heavier than water) will be?p168
smothered by water
advantages of water:p169
heat-absorbing capacitylarge amount of heat required convert water to steamgreater area exposure to water=greater heat absorbedat 212ä‹Š water=steam 1700 x original volumeinexpensive and readily available
disadvantages of water:p169
high surface tensionreactive: fuels,metals, sodium metal, triethyl aluminumopacity/reflectivity-radiant heat passesfreezes in cold weather climate(<32ä‹Š)electrical conductorrelatively heave at 8.3 lbs/gal
force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas measured in pound per square inch(psi) or kilopascals(kPa)?p170
pressure
simple measure of weight, usually expressed in pounds or kilograms?p170
force
speed at which a fluid travels through a hose/pipe is?p172
velocity
fluid pressure is perpendicular to any surface on which it acts?p172
1st principle of pressure
fluid pressure at a point in fluid at rest is the same intensity in all directions?p172
2nd principle of pressure
pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions?p172
3rd principle of pressure
in a closed 100ft pipe at 100psi, top of the pipe is 100psi but the bottom is 143.4 psi?p172-173
weight of water
the pressure of a liquid in an open vessel is often proportional to its depth? taller=heavierp173
4th principle of pressure
the pressure of a liquid in an open vessels proportional to the density of the liquid? 1’ mercury=13.55’ water p173
5th principle of pressure
the pressure of a liquid at the bottom of a vessel is independent of the shape of the vessel?p174
6th principle of pressure
the ___ pressure the surrounds the earth has depth and density, exerting pressure on everything.p174
atmospheric
atmospheric pressure is greatest at ____ altitudes and least at very____ altitudes.p174
low; high
atmospheric pressure at sea level is?p174
14.7 psi(100 kPa)
notation for an actual atmospheric pressure reading is?p174
pounds per square inch absolute (psia)
for purpose of this text psi means psig(pounds per square in gauge).p174-175
sea level 10 psi = 10 psig + 14.7psi (AP), gauge is calibrated to zero at ambient pressure.
a pressure that is somewhat less than atmospheric pressure; needed to facilitate drafting from static source?p175
vacuum
alternative term for pressure, especially pressure due to elevation?p175
head1 foot äåÊ¥Ÿ = 0.434 psiäåÊ¥Ÿ
absolute zero pressure is called?p175
perfect vacuum
gauge read 10 inches of Hg of vacuum on the compound gauge, it actually indicates less than?p175
atmospheric pressure
water supply is 100 feet above the hydrant opening then is?p175
100ft of head
to convert head/ft to head/pressure divide feet by 2.304(# of feet 1 psi will raise 1 square inch column of water).p175
100 of head/2.304 = 43.4 psi
stored potential energy available to force water through pipes, fittings, hose, and adapters?p175
static pressure
rest or without motion?p175
static
water pressure may be produced by?p175
elevated water supply, atmospheric pressure, or pump
the portion of the total available pressure not used to overcome friction loss or gravity while forcing water through pipes, fittings, hoses, and adapters?p176
residual pressure
height of a point above sea level or other reference point?p176
elevation
geographic position of a location or object in relation to sea level, may be above, sea level, or below?p176
altitude
gain or loss of pressure in a hose line due to a change in elevation(aka elevation loss)?p176
elevation pressure
pressure found in water distribution system during normal consumption demands?p176
normal operating pressure
difference between static pressure and normal operating pressure is ____ caused by water flowing through pipes, valves, and fittings.p176
friction
while water is flowing from a discharge opening, the forward velocity pressure is considered?p176
flow pressure
above ____ the lessening of atmospheric pressure means FD pumpers must work increasing harder to produce pressures required for fire streams.p176
2000 ft (sea level - 2000ft little affect)
above sea level atmospheric pressure decreases approximately _____ for every _____.p176
0.5 psi; 1000 ft
loss of pressure created by the turbulence of water moving against the interior walls of the hose or pipe ?p177
friction loss
causes of friction loss in fire hose:p177
movement of water molecules against each otherlinings of hose/delaminating hosecouplingssharp bends/kinkschange in hose size/orifice by adaptersimproper gasket size
friction loss in older hose may be much greater that of brand new hose, as much as?p177
50% greater
cause of friction loss in piping:p177
movement of water molecules against each otherinside surface of pipingpipe fittings valves
if all conditions are the same, friction loss varies directly with the length of the hose or pipe.p178
1st principle of friction loss100’=10psi and 200’=20psi
when hoses are the same size, friction loss varies approximately with the square of the increase in the velocity of the flow.p178
2nd principle of friction losshose lenght/diameter =X flowing 200 gpm= 3.2psihose lenght/diameter =X flowing 400 gpm= 12.8psihose lenght/diameter =X flowing 600 gpm= 28.8psiflow doubles/friction loss squares
for the same discharge, friction loss varies inversely as the fifth power of the diameter of the hose.p179
3rd principle of friction lossFL 3’ hose is 0.4 that of 2 1/2’ (ground rules .5)2.5x2.5x2.5x2.5x2.5=97.66/3x3x3x3x3=243 =0.4FL 4’ hose is 0.24 that of 3’ 3x3x3x3x3=243 / 4x4x4x4x4=1024 243/1024 = 0.24
using 4 inch supply hose instead of 3 inch equates to a friction loss reduction of?p179
76% (FL 4’ is 0.24 that of 3’)
for given velocity, friction loss is approximately the same, regardless of the pressure on the water.p179
4th principle of friction loss
with water being virtually incompressible, a pressure of ___ is required to reduce its volume _____ percent?p179
30,000 psi; 1%
the smaller the hose, the ___ the velocity needed to deliver the same volume?p179
greater
produces a stream that normally has no use in fire fighting?p180
open fire hose (open butt)
if velocity is increase beyond practical limits, the friction will become so great that the entire system is agitated by resistance causing a degree of turbulence known as?p181
critical velocity
forced created by the rapid deceleration of water; causes a violent increase in pressure powerful enough to rupture piping or damage fixtures?p181
water hammer
to prevent water hammer when water is flowing ?p181
slowly close nozzles, valves, and hose clamps
when a large volume of water is needed, FD can request an increase to water pressure from?p182
water utility department
the primary water supply can be obtained from?p182-183
surface water(rivers and lakes) or ground water(wells or water producing springs)
engineer estimates of total amount of water needed for domestic, industrial and fire fighting use?p183
community water needs
in cities the domestic and industrial water requirements far exceed that for?p183
fire protection
in small towns the requirements for _____ may exceed that for domestic and industrial.p183
fire protection
three methods of moving water in a system?p183
direct pumping systemgravity systemcombination system
most community use a combination system of?p183
direct pumping and gravity
a dependable ____ ____ involves reliable, duplicated equipment and proper sized, strategically located storage containers.p184
combination system
part of an overall water supply system that receives the water from the pumping station and delivers it throughout the area to be served?p184
distribution system
water supply system that utilizes lateral feeders for improved distribution?p184
grid system
fire hydrant that receives water from only one direction is known as ?p184
dead-end hydrant
fire hydrant receives water from 2 or more directions it is said to have ?p184
circulating feed or a looped line
grid system consists of:p184-185
primary feederssecondary feedersdistributors
the function of a valve in a water distribution system is to provide means for controlling the?p185
flow os water through the distribution piping
type of valve use to control underground water mains found on the supply main of installed fire protection systems?p186
post indicator valve (PIV)
a type of valve for a sprinkler system in which the position of the center screw indicates whether the valve is open or closed?p186
outside screw and yoke (OS&Y) valve
to keep them in good condition valves should be inspected and operated at least?p186
once a year
one of the most important factors in the water supply system is the water department’s ability to promptly operate the valves during?p186
an emergency or breakdown of equipment
visually shows whether the gate or valve seat is open, closed, or partially closed?p186
indicating valvesPIV- “open” or “shut”OS&Y- threads out open, threads in closed
valves in the private fire protection system are usually of the?p186
indicating valves
most common type of valves used on most public distribution systems; installed in valve boxes or manholes?p186
nonindicating valves
control valves in the public water distribution system are generally?p187
gate valves
nonrising-stem gate valves should be marked with a number indicating the number of turns necessary to ?p187
completely close the valve
water pipe that is used underground is generally made of:p187
cast iron, ductile iron, asbestos cement, steel, plastic, or concrete
adverse effects of encrustation and sedimentation can be reduced by?p188
flushing hydrants periodically
average amount of water used per day based on the total amount of water used in a water distribution system over a period of one year?p188
average daily consumption (ADC)
maximum total amount of water that was used during a 24 hour interval within a 3 year period(unusual situations not considered)?p188
maximum daily consumption (MDC)
maximum amount of water used in any 1 hour interval over the course of a day?p188
peak hourly consumption (PHC)
in general the private water supply system exists to provide water:p188
strictly for fire protection purposesfor sanitary and fire protection purposesfor fire protection and manufacturing processes
most commonly private water supply systems receive their water from?p188
municipal water supply system
if private source of water for fire protection is non-potable then measures must be taken to prevent?p188
cross contamination of municipal water supply system (back flow prevention measures)
interconnecting potable and non-potable water systems is restricted by the ?p189
environmental protection agency(EPA) and numerous state and local water quality codes
advantages to having separate piping arrangements in a private water supply system?p189
control over the water supply sourcefire protection or domestic/industrial are unaffected by interruptions to each other
if there is a question about the reliability of a private water supply system for fire fighting operations ?p189
augment the private water supply by:relaying from municipal systemdrafting from static source
fire service operates three types of nozzles to produce three basic fire streams: p193
solidfogbroken
stream that stays together as a solid mass, not to be confused with straight stream; produce by fixed orifice/smooth bore nozzle?p194
solid fire stream
nozzle pressure and size of the discharge orifice determine the flow and reach of a?p194
solid stream
solid stream handlines should generally be operated at a maximum of?p194
50 psi
master stream appliances should generally be operated at a maximum of?p194
80 psi
formula for discharge rate ?p195
GPM=29.7x d2xäš_NPGPM=discharge in gallons per minute29.7=constantd=diameter of orifice in inchesNP= nozzle pressure in psi
water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control?p196
fog stream
fog stream may be produce by :p196
deflection at the periphery, impinging jets of water or combination of both
angles of fog stream?p196
narrow fog = 15-45 degreeswide fog = 45-80 degrees
the reach of a fog stream is directly related to:p197
width, size of water particles(droplets), wind, volume of water flowing
designed to flow a specific volume of water on all stream patterns at a specific nozzle discharge pressure?p197
constant flow fog nozzle
feature a periphery-deflected stream and has adjustable pattern range; designed to operate at 100 psi, but some may at 50 psi?p197
constant flow fog nozzle
designed for adjustable gallonage settings; many are designed to flow gallonage indicated at?p197
selectable gallonage nozzles; 100 psi
with selectable gallonage nozzles if driver does not supply the proper pressure, the handline will not achieve ?p197
gallonage selected at the nozzle
type of variable flow nozzle flow nozzle with the ability to change patterns while maintaining the same nozzle pressure?p198
automatic fog nozzles
most automatic fog nozzles are designed to operate at ____, but some models may operate at _____?p198
100 psi; 75 psi
all hoselines must be supplied with 8adequate pressure, especially those with ____, or they will provide sufficient _____ for fire suppression even though the stream may appear well formed.p198
automatic nozzles; flow
within the limitation of its design an ____ ____ maintains its constant operating pressure even if the pump discharge pressure ____ above this level.p199
automatic nozzle; rises
produce a stream with significant forward velocity, but a relatively low volume of water delivery?p199
high pressure fog nozzles
nozzles best suited for wildland fire and not recommended for structural fire fighting due to low water flow of 8-15 gpm; up to 800 psi?p199
high pressure fog nozzle
solid, fog, or broken with 350 gpm maximum flow; ranging in size from 3/4 inch “booster” to nozzle suited for 3 inch diameter hoseline?p199
handline nozzles
capable of water flow in excess of 350 gpm?p199
master stream nozzle
operated during incidents where handlines would be ineffective, conditions require defensive posture, or personnel are limited?p199
master stream appliances
smooth bore master stream?p199
80 psi
fog nozzle master stream?p199
100 psi
designed for a feed position, _____ generally change the direction of water through the device in order to reduce the nozzle reaction and achieve delivery of the fire stream?p199
master stream appliances
three basic type of master stream appliances are?p200
fixedcombinationportable
commonly called “deck guns” permanently mounted on the apparatus?p200
fixed monitors
may be used in a mount on the apparatus or removed and used remotely from vehicle?p200
combination monitors
stored on the apparatus for deployment to the location where they may be used?p200
portable monitors
may be pre-plumbed and permanently attached to and aerial or designed as a detachable appliance?p200
elevated master streams
movement of ladder pipes is limited to a ____ motion accomplished by placing a firefighter at the tip or using ropes?p200
vertical up and down
pre-piped waterways generally feature a master stream that may be remotely controlled from the turntable and is generally able to move?p200
up and down and side to side
most often lowered through holes or other openings to the cellar of an occupancy, also for attic or void space fire?p200
cellar nozzles
cellar nozzles may be referred to as ___, but they have unique flow rates that differ from cellar nozzles.p201
distributor
nozzle with an angled, case hardened steel tip that can be driven through a wall, roof, or ceiling to extinguish hidden fire?p201
piercing nozzle(aka piercing applicator, puncture, penetrating)
commonly used in aircraft fire fighting, car fires, voids, attics, other areas inaccessible to standard fire streams?p201
piercing nozzles
impinging jet nozzle flow approximately 125gpm at 100 psi, 3-6 ft hollow steel 1 1/2 inch rod, with striking surface opposite to the tip.p201
piercing nozzle
designed to suppress fires in chimney flues; supplied by a booster hose?p201
chimney nozzle
slid piece of brass or steel with many small impinging holes; 1.5-3 gpm at 100 psi; very fine mist?p201-202
chimney nozzle
counterforce directed against a person/device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged?p202
nozzle reaction
nozzle reaction demonstrates Newton’s third law of motion:p202
for every action there is an equal or opposite reaction
*___ nozzle reaction may seriously injure firefighters and hamper fire suppression efforts.p202
excessive
formula for solid stream nozzle reaction p203
NR=1.57xd(2)xNPNR=nozzle reaction in pounds1.57=constantd=nozzle diameter inchesNP=nozzle pressure psi
formula used to achieve the approximate solid stream nozzle reaction:p203
NR=Q/3NR=nozzle reaction in poundQ=flow of water in gpm flowing through nozzle3=constant
formula for fog stream nozzle reactionp204
NR=0.0505xQxäš_NPNR=nozzle reaction in pounds0.0505=constant Q=total nozzle flow in gpmNP=nozzle pressure in psi
the primary function of the driver/operator on the fireground is to?p209
provide water to attack crews in sufficient volume and pressure to achieve control and extinguishment of fires
to effectively provide water for fire streams it is necessary to know the amount of _____ in the fire hose and _____ due to elevation?p201
friction loss; pressure loss/gain
friction loss is caused by a number of factors including the condition of the hose and couplings, kinks, but the primary consideration is?p210
volume of water flowing per minute
friction loss and elevation pressure loss are combined with the loss associated with appliances is?p210
total pressure loss(TPL)
friction loss may be determined by?p211
calculations or performing tests
relies on the use of mathematical equations or field application methods that may not be completely accurate?p211
calculation method
only truly accurate method, measuring the pressure at both ends of the hoseline and subtracting the difference?p211
performing tests
formula for friction lossp212
FL=CQ(2)LFL= friction loss psiC=friction loss coefficientQ=flow rate in hundreds gpm (gpm/100)L=hose length in hundreds (feet/100)
generic term applied to any nozzle, wye, siamese, deluge monitor, or other piece of hardware used in conjunction with fire hose to deliver water?p213
appliance
friction loss in cases where total flow through the appliance is less than 350 gpm is considered?p213
insignificant
friction loss for each appliance in a hose assembly when flowing less than 350 gpm p213
0 psi
friction loss for each appliance(other than master stream devices) in a hose assembly when flowing 350 gpm or greater p213
10 psi
friction loss for all master stream appliances regardless of flow p213
25 psi
created by the height difference between the nozzle and the pump and must be factored into total pressure loss(TPL)?p213
elevation pressure
formula for elevation pressure lossp214
EP=0.5HEP=elevation pressure psi0.5=constantH=height in feet
formula elevation pressure loss buildingp214
EP=(5psi)x(# of stories-1)
whether used for supply or attack line presents the simplest friction loss calculation?p215
single hoseline
using more than one hoseline of equal length and equal diameter friction loss calculations need only to be made for one line?p215
multiple hoselines equal length
2 1/2”, 3”, 4” hoseline eyed into 2 or more smaller lines for fire attack, only one of the wyed calculated if they are same NP, length, and diameter?p215
wyed hoselines equal length
to accommodate larger volumes of water and keep friction loss rates reasonable, two or more parallel hoselines may be laid?p216
siamesed hoselines equal length
siamese hoselines friction loss is approximately ____ less than that of single hoseline at the same NP.p216
25.00%
many FD have predetermined pressure that a driver is expected to supply the?p216
FDC(25 psi)
driver must calculate the friction loss for each for each hoseline supplied by separate discharges to individual nozzles?p216
multiple hoselines unequal length
fed by a large diameter hoseline that supplies several smaller attack lines?p217
manifold appliance
when hose lengths/diameter are unequal the total pressure loss in the system is based on the?p217
highest pressure loss in any of the lines
unless each manifold discharge is equipped with a pressure gauge, _____ hoselines is based on guesswork and may endanger attack crews on the line.p27
gating down
calculating pressure loss with a master stream add?p217
25 psi
pressure loss in aerial device; elevation must be considered as part of the total pressure loss?p218
25 psi
actual pressure of the water as it leaves the pump and enters the hoseline; total amount of pressure being discharged by the pump? p218
pump pressure discharge (PDP)
must be sufficient to overcome all pressure loss? p218
PDP
formula for pump discharge pressurep218
PDP=NP+TPLPDP= pump discharge pressureNP=nozzle pressureTPL=total pressure loss(friction, elevation, appliances)
actual amount of pressure being produced by the pump(difference between intake pressure and discharge pressure)?p219
net pump discharge pressure(NPDP, engine/net pressure)
formula for NPDPp219
NPDP(pps)=PDP-Intake ReadingNPDPpps= net pump discharge pressure from positive pressure sourcePDP=pump discharge pressure
safe and efficient NP for common fire streams:p219
solid handline=50 psisolid master=80 psifog=100 psipressure fo= 50 or 75 psi
friction loss coefficients-single hoselinep222
1 3/4” with 1 1/2” coupling=15.5(15)2 1/2”=23” with 2 1/2” coupling= 0.8(1)4”=0.25”=0.08(0.1)
friction loss coefficients-siamesed lines equal lengthp229
two 2 1/2”=0.5three 2 1/2”=0.22two 3”=0.2one 3” and one 2 1/2”=0.3two 2 1/2” and 3”=0.16two 3” and one 2 1/2”=0.12
mechanical device installed in a discharge line that senses the amount of water flowing, reads out gpm?p281
flowmeter
methods for determining pressure loss and PDP:p281
flowmetershydraulic calculatorspump chartscondensed Q methodgpm flowing
based on the _____ standard, for every discharge outlet equipped with a flowmeter, a _____ _____ shall also be provided?p282
nfpa 1901; pressure gauge
flowmeters must display flow in increments of?p282
10 gpm or less
two most common types of flowmeters to the fire service?p282
paddlewheel and spring probe
mounted at the top of a straight section of the discharge pipe so that only a small portion of the device extends into the waterway?p282
paddlewheel
sensor measures speed of wheel spin and translates to flow measurement; placement reduces impediment of water flow and lessens chances of damage from debris?p282
paddlewheel
employs a stainless steel spring probe to detect water movement in the discharge piping?p282
spring probe
the greater the flow the more the spring bends sending an electrical charge to display unit; one simple moving part, require very little maintenance?p282
spring probe
flowmeter in good working order should be accurate to a tolerance of ?p282
+/- 3%( 100 gpm=103/97)
each discharge equipped with a flowmeter must have a digital readout display mounted within ____of the control valve?p282
6 inches
pressure gauge is not mounted at ___ location, the flowmeter must be mounted within ____ adjacent to the pressure gauge.p282
6 inch; 2 inches
apparatus monitoring device addition information displayed:p282-283
flow through specific dischargetotal water flow through pump “real time”total water flowed through pump for incident durationamount of foam being flowed
who determines when to use each type of flowmeter?p283
authority having jurisdiction (AHJ)
driver may use flowmeter reading to identify waterflow issues:p283
kink of partially open valve-flowmeter will register a change in reading burst- attack team sends message saying volume suddenly decreased without change in flowmeter
when engaged in a relay pumping operation,driver may feed supply line without having to know volume of water flowing from receiving pumper? p283
using a flowmeter and the pumper’s master discharge gauge during initial phase of relay setup.increase throttle=flowmeter will rise, continue to increase until flowmeter no longer increases=correct discharge pressure
intake pressure reading cannot be allowed to drop below?p283
20 psi
apparatus equipped with electronic pressure governors involved in relay pumping, with the exception of attack pumper should be in ?p283
revolution per minute(rpm) mode
number and types of nozzles on line operating from the standpipe may be factored by adding the ___ ___ for each nozzle and pumping the ____ of water that matches.p283
flow rate; volume
when a line is shut down electronic pressure governors set in psi mode?p284
should compensate
when a line is shut down electronic pressure governors set in rpm mode?p284
will not automatically compensate
charts carried on fire apparatus to aid the pump operator in determining the proper pump discharge pressure when supplying hoselines?p284
pump charts
determine the pump discharge pressure required for virtually any hose layout without relying on mental calculations?p284
hydraulic calculator
slide or dial that can be moved to cover or reveal rates of flow, size of hose, and length of hose layout in order to come to a conclusion to a problem?p284
manual hydraulic calculator
specially programmed to allow you to input the variables of each hose layout, including length, diameter, and elevation?p284
electronic hydraulic calculator
may be used for operations in which the friction loss can be determined for 3-, 4-, or 5-inch hose; formulas cannot be used with metric measurements?p284
condensed Q formula
condensed Q formula 3”p287
FL=Q(2)FL=friction loss in psi for 100’Q=flow rate in hundreds (gpm/100)
friction loss results will be 20% greater than coefficient formula(in 1000ft of 3” the difference may be up tp 50 psi) ?p287
condensed Q formula 3”
condensed Q formula 4”p287
FL=Q(2)/5FL=friction loss in psi for 100’Q=flow rate in hundreds (gpm/100)
condensed Q formula 5”p288
FL=Q(2)/15FL=friction loss in psi for 100’Q=flow rate in hundreds (gpm/100)
applicable to both solid and fog streams and is calculated using flow in gpm?p288
GPM flowing(-10 method)250 gpm= 25-10=15 psi/100’
gpm flowing method is not applicable to metric system and 2 1/2” hoselines flowing less than?p288
160 gpm
gpm flowing:FL of 1 1/2” =FL of 2 1/2” flowing x4 gpmp288-289
1 1/2” 50gpm=10 psi/100’2 1/2” 200gpm=10 psi/100’
gpm flowing: 1 1/2” 50-75 gpm and 2 1/2” 200-300 gpmp289
FL increases 2 psi for every 5 gpm-1 1/2” and 20gpm-2 1/2”50/200 gpm=10 psi55/220 gpm=12 psi60/240 gpm=14 psi
gpm flowing: 1 1/2” 80-100 gpm and 2 1/2” 320-400 gpmp289
FL increases 3 psi for every 5 gpm-1 1/2” and 20gpm-2 1/2”80/320 gpm=23 psi85/340 gpm=26psi90/360 gpm=29 psi
gpm flowing: 1 1/2” 105-125 gpm and 2 1/2” 420-500 gpmp289
FL increases 4 psi for every 5 gpm-1 1/2” and 20gpm-2 1/2”105/420 gpm=39 psi110/440 gpm=43 psi115/460 gpm=47 psi
self-priming pump that utilizes a piston on interlocking rotors to move a given amount of fluid through the pump chamber with each stroke of the piston or rotation?p295
positive displacement pump
early pumps used in the fire service where a handle was pumped operating a piston in a cylinder forcing water to pump out?p295
hand-operated piston pump
_____ ____ followed, using a hand crank to to rotate a gear forcing water through the pump and hoses.p295
rotary pumps
rotary pumps were replaced by?p295
single and double action piston pumps also referred to as positive displacement pumps
these pumps produce the same flow at a given speed regardless of the discharge pressure?p295
“constant flow machines”-positive displacement pumps
modern FD pumpers are equipped with ___ ___ as their main pump.P296
centrifugal pumps
this type of pump does not use positive action to force water from the pump; rather, it depends on the velocity of the water produced by the centrifugal force to provide the pressure?p296
centrifugal pumps
positive displacement pump has been replaced by the ___ ___ as the main pumping unit on fire apparatus.p296
centrifugal pumps
continue to play a vital role on modern apparatus because of their ability to pump air and foam; used as priming devices during drafting?p296
positive displacement pump
positive displacement pump using one or more reciprocating pistons to force water from the pump chambers?p296
piston pump
no longer used as high-capacity pumps; some still used for high pressure stream fire fighting; can provide pressures up to 1000 psi; multi cylinder PTO driven pump?p296
piston pumps
the simplest of pumps; in modern apparatus confined to small capacity, booster type pumps; low volume high pressure pumps; and priming pumps?p296
rotary pumps
driven by either a small electric motor or through a clutch that extends from the apparatus drive shaft?p296
rotary pumps(gear or vane construction)
consist of two gears that rotate in a tightly meshed pattern inside a watertight case?p296
rotary gear pump
gears form watertight/airtight pockets as they force water/air out of of the discharge chamber and as they return to intake side no water/air returns?p296
rotary gear pump
total amount of water that can be pumped by a rotary gear pump depends on?p297
the size of the pockets in the gears and speed of rotation
rotary gear pump build up pressure therefore to handle excess pressure there must be?p297
pressure relief device
susceptible to damage from normal wear and tear as well as from sand or other debris?p297
rotary gear pump
rotary gear pump casing is made from?p297
strong alloy(cast iron)
to prevent damage to casings, gears are made from?p297
bronze or other soft metal
a rotor with attached is mounted of-center inside the pump housing; pressure is imparted on the water as the space between the rotor and pump housing wall decreases?p298
rotary vane pump
constructed with moveable that automatically compensate for wear, maintaining a tighter fit with closer clearance as the pump is used?p298
rotary vane pump
most common type of pumps used to prime a centrifugal fire pump?p298
rotary vane pump
self adjusting feature makes the ___ ___ ___ much more efficient at pumping air than a rotary gear pump.p298
rotary vane pump
pumps cause air being evacuated from the intake side reduces pressure creating a vacuum?p298
rotary pumps
these pumps should be operated during routine apparatus check, because they are prone to failure if no exercised regularly?p298
rotary pumps
pump with one or more impellers that rotate and utilize centrifugal force to move water; most modern fire pumps are this type?
centrifugal pump
since it does not pump a definite amount of water with each revolution it is classified as a?p298
nonpositive displacement pump
self-priming, deliver a definite volume of water or air, and exhaust air from the pump and deliver water?p295
positive displacement pump
vaned circulating member of the centrifugal pump that transmits motion to the water?p299
impeller
intake orifice at the center of a centrifugal pump impeller?p299
impeller eye
spiral, divergent chamber of the centrifugal pump in which the velocity energy given to water by the impeller blades is converted into pressure?p299
volute
the ___ of the impeller dictates the amount of ____ that is developed.p299
speed; pressure
impeller assembly:p299
impellershaftseals
the ___ transmits energy in the form of velocity to the water?p299
impeller
the ___ ___ houses the impeller assembly, collects the water, and confine its in order to convert the velocity to pressure.p299
pump casing
the ___ capacity of the pump is dictated by the size of the ___.p299
volume; impeller
the off-center mounting of the impeller within the casing creates a water passage of gradually increasing in size as it nears the discharge outlet, this section is called?p299
volute
the increasing size of the volute is necessary because the ?p299
volume of water passing through it increases as it nears he discharge outlet
the volute’s gradual increase of size reduces the velocity of water, enabling the pressure to build up___?p300
proportionately
3 main factors influence the centrifugal fire pump’s discharge pressure:p300
amount of water being dischargedspeed at which impeller is turningpressure of water when it enter the pump from a pressurized source
amount of ___ ___ that a pump may develop directly dependent on the volume of water it is discharging.p300
output pressure
the discharge volume affects both the ____ and ____ pressures?p300
intake; discharge
the increase in pressure is roughly equal to the ___ of the change in impeller speed?p300
squarepsi=rpm(2)
water will flow through a ____ ____ even if the impeller is not turning.p300
centrifugal pump
because the incoming pressure adds directly to the pressure developed by the pump, incoming pressure changes are reflected in the ___ ___?p300
discharge pressure
a ___ ___ in unable to pump air and is not self-priming.p300
centrifugal pump
ways to prime a centrifugal pump to draft?p300
1 external priming pump2 use of a device that employs air from the apparatus braking system to power a venturi device that removes air from the suction side of the pump3 foot valve attached to the suction side of the pump
two basic types of centrifugal pumps used in the fire service?p300
single stage and multistage
due to recirculation in single stage-pumps, where excess capacity is not allowed to escape the impeller area?p300
cavitation
pump constructed of single impeller; front-mount pumps, PTO, auxiliary engine driven, and midship; up to 2250 gpm?p300
single-stage centrifugal pump
to minimize the lateral thrust of large quantities of water entering the eye of the impeller a ___ ___ impeller may be used.p301
double-suction
takes water from both sides; reaction of each side being equal and opposite cancels out the lateral thrust; provides a larger waterway?p301
double-suction impeller
water is diverted into two streams that are 180ŒÁ apart causing the water to be removed at opposite direction cancels out the?p301
radial thrust
has impeller for each stage mounted in a single housing and usually on a single shaft driven by a single drive train?p301
multistage centrifugal pump
each of the impeller takes water from a source and delivers it to the discharge?p301
pumping in parallel(volume) position
each of the impellers is capable of delivering its rated pressure while flowing?p301
50%two stage pump rated 1000gpm at 150 psi each impeller supplies 500gpm
all water from the intake manifold is directed into the eye of the first impeller?p302
pumping in series(pressure) mode
first stage increases the pressure and discharges ___-___ percent of the volume capacity through the transfer valve and into the the eye of the second impeller.p302
50-70
greatly increases the maximum pressure that may be obtained with a corresponding loss of volume?p302
series(pressure) mode
same stream of water has passed through two impellers with each boosting the pressure?p302
series(pressure) mode
process of switching between pressure and volume is sometimes referred to as?p302
“changeover”
maximum net pump discharge pressure at which the transfer valve may be safely operated varies by?p302
manufacturer and age of the pump
*switching from volume to pressure can result in immediate ____ of the previous discharge pressure, which can damage the pump, hoselines, and injure fire fighters.p302
doubling
any ____ must be carefully coordinated with attack crews so they can prepare for slight interruption.p303
changeover
pump is capable of supplying 100% of its rated capacity at 150 psi at 10 ft of lift with 20 ft of suction hose while drafting?p303
parallel(volume) mode
transfer valve on older two-stage pumps is performed ____; safeguard making it ____ ____ to accomplish the transfer while pumping at ___ ____.p303
manually; physically impossible; high pressure
newer pumps us a ____ ____ valve, activated by electricity, air pressure, or water itself and can operate at pressures as high as ____.p3030
power-operated; 200 psi
hinged valve that permits the flow of water in one direction only?p304
clapper valve
automatic valve that permits liquid to flow in only one direction?p304
check valve
essential to the operation of a multi-stage pump; stick open/closed, or hampered by debris pump will not operate properly in series(pressure) mode?p304
clapper/check valves
four impellers connected in series to develop pressures up to 1000 psi for ?p304
high pressure fog
single-stage high-pressure centrifugal pump mounted outboard in conjunction with a conventional two-stage pump with a separate drive system when pressure needed higher than?p304
250 psi
replaceable rings that are attached to the impeller and/or the pump casing to allow a small running clearance between the impeller and pump casing without causing wear of the actual impeller or pump casing material?p304
wear rings
opening between pump casing and the hub of the impeller is usually limited to?p304
0.01 inch or less
sediment and dirt cause wear on the impeller as it turns at nearly ____ when pump nears it capacity.p304
4000 rpm
initial indication of wear may occur during pump tests when increased engine rpm is required to pump at the ___ ___?p304
rated capacity
unlike the positive displacement pump, no harm results from shutting off all the pump discharges for ___ periods of time in a centrifugal pump?p304
short
newer centrifugal pumps may be equipped with a ___ ___ ___ that opens to allow overheated water to circulate between the pump and the main tank/atmosphere.p306
thermal relief valve
non circulating water in the pump heats up causing metal parts of the pump to expand causing ?p306
pump damage
driver can check for excessive temperature manually by placing hand on the ___ ___ ___ pipe, if warm to touch the open ____, ____, or ____.p306
direct pump intake; discharge, tank fill, or circulator valve
point where the shaft passes through the pump casing a semi-tight seal must be maintained to prevent air leaks for ___; ____ seal most common seal type.p306
drafting; mechanical
most common type of seal packing material is composed of:p306
rope fibers impregnated with graphite or lead
some centrifugal pumps are equipped with ___ or ___ seals that are not adjustable.p306
ceramic or mechanical
packing rings are primarily used in?p306
older fire pumps
as packing rings wear with the operation of the shaft, the packing gland can be tightened in order to control?p306
leaks
spacer that causes small leak around the packing where it is in contact with the shaft to provide cooling?p306
lantern or slinger ring
*if a pump is operated dry for any length of time, damage to the shaft may result, any weakening may cause ____ during future use.p307
failure
pump seal material offers superior resistance to warping, stretching, and corrosion?p307
ceramic
factors that determine which fire pump would work best for local FD?p307
intended use and costappearancespace requirementsease of maintenance
pumps powered by gasoline or diesel engines independent of the vehicle-drive engine are?p307
examples of auxiliary pumps
most common applications for auxiliary engine driven pumps:p307
ARFF vehicleswildland fire apparatusmobile water supply apparatustrailer mounted fire pumpsportable fire pumps
type of pump that may be part of skid mount assembly with pumping capacity of 500gpm or less?p307
auxiliary engine driven
