Driver Behaviour

Question 1

Percentage of uk deaths as a result of RTAs

Answer 1

0.7%

Question 2

Percentage of RTAs for 16-19 year olds

Answer 2

35% (Uk dept. Transport)

Question 3

Rank of killer that RTA will be (predicted) in 2020

Answer 3

3rd biggest killer (international Red Cross)

Question 4

Common theme differences of risky driving

Answer 4

Age, gender, speed

Question 5

3 main methodologies of driver behaviour

Answer 5

Direct observation, stimulation and self-report

Question 6

Problems with direct observation of risky driving

Answer 6

Investigator effects, accidents statistically infrequent, differences between vehicles

Question 7

Evaluation of stimulation as a method of measuring driving

Answer 7

• high control e.g same setting, same amount of wine glasses

- but not ecologically valid, not risky/ lack of motivational factors like anger

Question 8

Evaluation of self report as a method of measuring driver behaviour

Answer 8

Danger of social desirability

But Parker et al (1995) gained success with Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ)

Question 9

DBQ (Parker et al,. 1995)

Answer 9

Self report, 6 point fixed response, 3 factors: errors, violations and lapses

Question 10

An error is

Answer 10

A misjudgement

Question 11

A violation is

Answer 11

A deliberate decision (to break the law/ risky driving)

Question 12

A lapse is

Answer 12

Mistakes without serious consequences

Question 13

DBQ (Parkhill et al., 1995) found high on violations were

Answer 13

Young, male, high annual mileage, better than average driving bias

Question 14

DBQ (Parkhill et al., 1995) found high on errors were

Answer 14

Self aware, susceptible to mood, use motorways infrequently, considered self to be relatively unsafe and error prone

Question 15

Lauton et al (1997) added which additions to the DBQ?

Answer 15

Ordinary violations and aggressive violations

Question 16

Parker et al (1996) added which two factors to the DBQ?

Answer 16

Moral norm and anticipated regret

Question 17

Culture and driving (Ozkan et al., 2006)

Answer 17

DBQ scores differ in different countries- notion of driver culture e.g. Drivers from western/northern EU score higher on ordinary violations. Southern EU higher on aggressive violations

Question 18

Factors affecting crash likelihood

Answer 18

West et al (1996) active vs passive crashes

McMurray (1970) divorce 3x more likely to RTA bc of thinking

Question 19

Demographics and crashes

Answer 19

Men 2x crashes (Evans, 1991)
In UK, 50% fewer women killed in RTAs
Younger= more violations
Men= violations, women= errors

Question 20

Why is skills training poor at preventing crash involvement?

Answer 20

Overconfidence bias

Question 21

Young and male drivers characteristics

Answer 21

Unrealisistic optimism, accept more risk, will respond more to male drivers on road, will go on Amber lights

Question 22

Youth and driving style (Parker et al., 1992)

Answer 22

Drive faster, leave shorter distances, accept more risk, run yellow lights, perceive social approval for risky driving

Question 23

Theory of Planned behaviour can apply to driving. Example

Answer 23

Attitude (fast is good), social expectations (friends), perceived behavioural control (bias), behaviour intention (intend to drive fast)-> risky behaviour

Question 24

DeWinter and Dodou (2010) meta analysis (n= 45,000) of DBQ

Answer 24

Consistent evidence for questions ability to predict self reported driving accidents

Question 25

Personality factors of driving behaviour

Answer 25

Extroversion, locus of control, type a, psychosis and personality disorders, social deviance

Question 26

Individual differences factors in risky driving (Schwebel et al., 2006)

Answer 26

Sensation-seeking, conscientiousness, hostile/frustrated/angry predict driving behaviour

Question 27

Clarke, ward and Truman (2005) voluntary risk taking and skill deficits study- 4 accidents common:

Answer 27

3437 accident reports in Midlands from 1994-1996 aged 17-25:
Cross flow turns, rear end shunts, loss of control on bends and accidents in darkness

Voluntary risk main cause rather than skill deficits

Question 28

Constantinuo et al (2011) risky and aggressive driving in your adults

Answer 28

352 Greek-Cypriot mean and women. Mean age 20. 2 years mean driving experience.
Male drivers higher on sensation-seeking and lower than women on sensitivity to punishment

Question 29

Evolutionary theory of risky driving

Answer 29

More attractive to women so perhaps innate

Question 30

Social cognition biases

Answer 30

Better than average bias, illusions of control, false Concensus, actor-observer effects, underestimate limit

Question 31

Modifying driver behaviour

Answer 31

Cognitive debiasing, interventions, sticker (belt up in 70’s), gov ads to increase anticipated regret

Question 32

Rottengatter et al (1989) suggestions for modifying driver behaviour

Answer 32

Surveillance, post level of speed limit compliance, information campaigns

Question 33

Parker et al (1996) suggestions for modifying driver behaviour

Answer 33

Anticipated regret campaign ads to change attitudes

Question 34

Road rage factors

Answer 34

Frustration, value of car, anger, aggressive driving correlates with high societal violence, environmental stressors e.g. Noise, temperature, overcrowding

Question 35

Percentage of deaths in US linked to aggressive driving (Martinez, 1997)

Answer 35

66%

Question 36

The car as a symbol (Marsh and Collett, 1987)

Answer 36

The car as a pet, physiological and psychological sensations, ego and the car, personal space