Drainage Basins Flashcards

1
Q

What are drainage basins?

A

Natural systems viewed as open local hydrological cycles

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2
Q

What is a rivers drainage basin?

A

The area surrounding the river where the rain falling on the land flows into the river?

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3
Q

What else can a rivers drainage basin be called?

A

Catchment area

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4
Q

What is the boundary of the drainage basin?

A

Watershed - Any precipitation falling beyond the watershed enters a different basin

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5
Q

What enters and leaves the system?

A

Water enters as precipitation and leaves via transpiration, evaporation and river discharge

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6
Q

What is an input of the system?

A

Precipitation

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7
Q

How is precipitation an input?

A

Includes all the ways moisture comes out of the atmosphere. It is mainly rain however can be snow, hail, dew and frost

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8
Q

What are the 6 types of stores?

A
  • Interception
  • Vegetation Storage
  • Surface Storage
  • Soil Storage
  • Groundwater Storage
  • Channel Storage
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9
Q

Explain Interception

A

When some precipitation lands on vegetation or other structures, like buildings, concrete or tarmac. It creates a significant store of water in wooded areas. Interception storage is only temporary because the collected water may evaporate quickly or fall from the leaves as through fall

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10
Q

Explain vegetation storage

A

Water that’s been taken up by plants. It’s all the water contained in plants at any 1 time

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11
Q

Explain surface storage

A

Includes water in puddles (depression storage), ponds and lakes

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12
Q

Explain soil storage

A

Includes moisture in the soil

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13
Q

Explain Groundwater storage

A

Water stored in the ground, in rocks or soil. The water table is top surface of the zone saturation. porous rocks that hold water are called aquifers

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14
Q

What is the zone of saturation

A

The zone of soil or rock where all the pores are full of water

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15
Q

What are porous rocks

A

Rocks with big holes in them

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16
Q

What is channel storage

A

Water held in a river or stream channel

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17
Q

What are the 10 types of flows?

A

Infiltration, Overland flow / runoff, Through fall, Stem flow, Through flow, Percolation, Groundwater flow, Base flow, Interflow and Channel flow / River discharge

18
Q

Explain Infiltration

A

Water soaks into the soil. Infiltration rates are influenced by soil type, soil structure and how much water is already in the soil

19
Q

Explain Overland flow / runoff

A

Water flowing over the land. It can flow over the whole surface or in little channels. It happens because rain is falling on the ground faster than infiltration can occur

20
Q

Explain Through fall

A

Water dripping from 1 leaf to another

21
Q

Explain Stemflow

A

Water running down a plant stem or tree trunk

22
Q

Explain Throughflow

A

Water moving slowly downhill through the soil. Throughflow is faster through pipes - Things like cracks in the soil or animal burrows

23
Q

Explain Percolation

A

The water seeping down through soil into the water table

24
Q

Explain Groundwater Flow

A

The water flowing slowly below the water table through permeable rock. Water flows slowly through most rocks, but rocks that are highly permeable with lots of joints have faster groundwater flows

25
Q

Explain Baseflow

A

Groundwater flow that feeds into rivers through riverbanks and river beds

26
Q

Explain Interflow

A

Water flowing downhill through permeable rock above the water table

27
Q

Explain Channel flow / River Discharge

A

Water flowing in the river or stream itself

28
Q

What are the 4 outputs?

A

Evaporation, Transpiration, Evapotranspiration and River discharge or flow

29
Q

Explain Evaporation

A

Water turning into water vapour

30
Q

Explain transpiration

A

It’s evaporation within leaves - plants and trees take up water through their roots and transport it to their leaves where it evaporates into the atmosphere

31
Q

Explain Evapotranspiration

A

The process of evaporation and transpiration together

32
Q

What is Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)?

A

It’s the amount of water that could be lost by evapotranspiration. Actual evapotranspiration is what actually happens

33
Q

Give an example of PET

A

A desert PET is high (because heat increases evaporation) but actual transpiration is low (because there isn’t much moisture)

34
Q

Explain River Discharge or flow

A

The discharge of a river is the volume of water which flows through it in a given time. Normally measured in cubic metres per second

35
Q

What does the Water Balance Show?

A

The balance between inputs and outputs.

36
Q

How is the water balance worked out?

A

From the inputs (precipitation) and outputs (channel discharge and evapotranspiration). The water balance is how much water is stored in the system

37
Q

How is the water balance shown in the UK?

A

Shows seasonal patterns

38
Q

What happens in wet seasons?

A

Precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration creating a water surplus. The ground stores fill with water so there’s more surface runoff and higher discharge, So river levels rise

39
Q

What happens in drier seasons

A

Precipitation is lower than evapotranspiration. Ground stores are depleted as some water is used by plants and humans and some flows into the river channel but isn’t replaced by precipitation

40
Q

What happens at the end of the dry season

A

Theres a deficit of water in the ground. The ground stores are recharged in the next wet season