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Neuroscience-freshman > Dr. Z's lectures > Flashcards

Dr. Z's lectures Flashcards

1
Q

white matter

A

axons

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2
Q

gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, fine branches of axons, and their synapses

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3
Q

neuropil

A

background between neuron cell bodies, dense dendrites, axons, and synapses

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4
Q

nucleus

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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5
Q

tract

A

bundle of neurons in the CNS (axons that are functionally similar)

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6
Q

nerve

A

bundle of neurons in the PNS

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7
Q

decussation

A

the act of nerves crossing

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8
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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9
Q

fissure

A

deeper, longer sulcus

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10
Q

tract

A

large axon bundle

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11
Q

fascicle

A

small axon bundle

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12
Q

interneurons

A

create neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the CNS

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13
Q

dorsal horn

A

contains interneurons that process sensory info, which enters through the dorsal root

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14
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

contains sensory nerve cell bodies whose axons travel through dorsal root

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15
Q

ventral horn

A

contains motor axons that exit through ventral root

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16
Q

white matter in spinal cord

A

contains descending and ascending tracts

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17
Q

central canal

A

ventricular system of the spinal cord

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18
Q

cranial nerve

A

sensory and motor nerves emanating from the brain

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19
Q

peripheral nerve

A

sensory and motor nerves emanating from the spine

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20
Q

what are “special sensory” nerves?

A

related to derivatives of placodes, brain, taste buds

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21
Q

what are “special motor” nerves?

A

related to derivatives of branchial arches

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22
Q

which nerves have parasympathetic function?

A

3,7,9,10 - all general, visceral, efferent (GVE)

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23
Q

CN I nucleus

A

olfactory peduncle

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24
Q

CN II nucleus

A

lateral geniculate body

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25
Q

CN III nucleus

A

oculomotor nucleus

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26
Q

CN IV nucleus

A

trochlear nucleus

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27
Q

CN V nucleus

A

main sensory nucleus of V, spinal nucleus of V, mesencephalic nerve of V (GSA), motor nerve of V (SVE)

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28
Q

CN VI nucleus

A

abducens nucleus

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29
Q

CN VII nucleus

A

facial motor nucleus (SVE), rostral solitary nucleus (SVA), caudal solitary nucleus (GVA)

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30
Q

CN VIII nucleus

A

vestibular nucleus

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31
Q

CN IX nucleus

A

spinal nucleus of V (GSA), nucleus of the solitary tract (GVA), rostral solitary nucleus (SVA), caudal salivatory nucleus (GVE), and nucleus ambiguus (SVE)

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32
Q

CN X nucleus

A

spinal nucleus of V (GSA), caudal solitary nucleus (GVA), rostral solitary nucleus (SVA), dorsal efferent nucleus (GVE), nucleus ambiguus (SVE)

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33
Q

CN XI nucleus

A

accessory nucleus in the spinal cord

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34
Q

CN XII nucleus

A

hypoglossal nucleus

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35
Q

sensory neurons

A

receptors in the PNS, cell bodies in ganglia, a peripheral axon innervates the receptor and the signal travels through central axon to CNS

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36
Q

sensory neuron fxn:

A

detect events occurring in periphery

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37
Q

motor neurons

A

cell bodies in CNS for skeletal, cell bodies in autonomic postsynaptic ganglia for visceral

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38
Q

motor neuron fxn:

A

movement

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39
Q

interneurons

A

all axons confined to CNS, projection interneurons travel from one brain region to another, local interneurons confined to vicinity of their cell body

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40
Q

neuroglial cells

A

support functions for CNS, do not form synapses, do not generate action potentials, have only one process, divide throughout lifepsan, just as numerous as neurons

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41
Q

astrocytes

A

structural matrix (BBB) and homeostasis (CNS)

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42
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin in CNS, 1 oligodendrocyte forms many myelin segments

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43
Q

microglia

A

immune system function, brain macrophages (CNS)

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44
Q

satellite cells

A

support for PNS

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45
Q

ependymal cells

A

line ventricles, circulate cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

46
Q

choroid plexus

A

specialized ependymal cell that produces and secretes CSF

47
Q

dendrite

A

input, increase contact expanse

48
Q

soma

A

cell body

49
Q

axon

A

output, can reach long distances

50
Q

role of interneurons

A

interneurons create neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the CNS

51
Q

schwann cell

A

support for PNS, 1 cell forms 1 myelin segment

52
Q

electrical synapse

A

current flows passively through gap junctions in pre and post synaptic membranes

53
Q

chemical synapse

A

synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter on the pre-synaptic side, synaptic cleft, post synaptic side has receptors

54
Q

________give rise to neurons, oligodendroglia, astroglial cells, and ependymal cells

A

neuroepithelial cells

55
Q

________give rise to microglial cells

A

mesenchymal cells

56
Q

_________give rise to cartilage, bone, connective tissue

A

cranial neural crest cells

57
Q

________give rise to hair, skin, feathers

A

trunk neural crest cells -dorsal

58
Q

_______give rise to neurons of DRG, schwann cells, neurons of sympathetic ganglia, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla, and neurons around aorta

A

trunk neural crest cells - ventral

59
Q

_______ give rise to PS ganglia and enteric nervous system (peristalsis)

A

vagal and sacral neural crest cells

60
Q

_________ give rise to aorticopulmonary spetum

A

cardiac neural crest cells

61
Q

_________ gives rise to olfactory receptor cells

A

olfactory placodes

62
Q

______ give rise to sensory cells of trigeminal ganglion

A

trigeminal placodes

63
Q

_______give rise to geniculate, petrosal, and nodosal ganglion of face (CN VII, IX, X, respectively)

A

epibrachial placodes

64
Q

role of radial glial cells

A

help organize the cortex into its distinct layers, with earlier formed neurons located deep to later formed neurons

65
Q

node of ranvier

A

gap between the myelin sheaths of a nerve. action potentials leap between the nodes to travel down the axon

66
Q

development of nose

A

nasal placode>olfactory receptors>olfactory nerves>enter olfactory bulb through cribiform plate

67
Q

development of eye

A

optic vesicle>lens vesicle>optic vesicle>optic cup>sensory retina and pigmented epithelium>retina ganglion>travel through retina to brain

68
Q

development of inner ear

A

auditory placode>otic cup>otic vesicle>cochlea and receptor cells

69
Q

development of middle ear

A
  • pharyngeal pouch I >tympanic cavity and eustachian tube
  • brachial arch I - malleus and incus
  • brachial arch II - stapes
70
Q

development of outer ear

A

brachial groove I - external auditory meatus

71
Q

critical period

A

times during gestation where developing components of the CNS are most susceptible to disruption. cerebral cortex and cerebellum have extended development and therefore extended critical periods - more susceptible to malformation

72
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

defect in vertebra, looks normal on the outside

73
Q

meningomyelocele

A

spinal cord and dura protrude, skin covering, neural tube defect

74
Q

myeloschisis

A

a cleft in the neural tube (neural tube close defect)

75
Q

meningomyelocele with hydromyelia

A

spinal cord and dura protrude, skin covering, neural tube defect + with cerebrospinal fluid

76
Q

meningocele

A

protrusion of dura

77
Q

typical blood supply to brain

A

carotid and vertebrobasilar arteris

78
Q

typical blood supply to spinal cord

A

segmented arteries in throacolumbar region and vertebral/segmented arteries in cervical region

79
Q

horse blood supply

A 
internal carotid (forebrain)
basilar artery (hindbrain)
80
Q

dog blood supply

A 
internal carotid and some external carotid (forebrain)
basilar artery (hindbrain
81
Q

cat/small ruminant blood supply

A 
external carotid (maxillary branch) and small internal carotid (forebrain)
basilar artery (hindbrain)
82
Q

cow blood supply

A 
external carotid (maxillary branch) and basilar (forebrain)
basilar artery (hindbrain)
83
Q

_____________supply rostral and medial portions of cerebral hemisphere, cortex and medullary substance

A

rostral cerebral arteries

84
Q

_____________supply cortex and medullary substance, central branches supply basal nuclei

A

middle cerebral arteries

85
Q

____________supply caudomedial cerebral hemispheres

A

caudal cerebral arteries

86
Q

__________supply rostral and middle cerebellum

A

rostral cerebellar arteries

87
Q

__________ supply caudal cerebellum

A

caudal cerebellar arteries

88
Q

collateral pathways

A

provide redundancy, avoids brain damage if vessels are obstructed

89
Q

typical brain venous drainage

A

jugular and vertebrobasilar veins

90
Q

typical spinal cord venous drainage

A

segmented veins in throacolumbar region and vertebral veins in cervical region

91
Q

acetylcholine (ACh) fxn

A

A neurotransmitter used by somatic motor neurons to control skeletal muscles. Used in numerous CNS pathways, including circuits involved in memory formation. Generally considered an excitatory NT in CNS.

92
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

A neurotransmitter that produces feelings of pleasure when released in “reward” circuits of the brain. Dopamine has multiple functions, including regulation of movement, mood and reward.

93
Q

Opioid Peptides

A

Include several families of small to intermediate size peptides. Members of this family play important CNS roles in pain perception and mood; in addition, opioid peptides exert major actions in the GI tract.

94
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

A neurotransmitter involved in many functions including mood, aggression, appetite, and sensory perception. In the spinal cord, serotonin is inhibitory in pain pathways.

95
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

A neurotransmitter that also acts as a hormone. In the peripheral nervous system, it is part of the flight-or=flight response. In the brain, it acts as a regulator of attention, wakefulness, CV status and sensitivity to pain.

96
Q

Glutamate (GLU)

A

THE MAJOR EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the brain.

97
Q

Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid (GABA)

A

THE MAJOR INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the brain.

98
Q

endothelial cells and BBB

A

make a non fenestrated monolayer of cells lining the inside of the capillary, contain tight intercellular junctions and a continuous basement membrane

99
Q

astrocytes (BBB)

A

support cells with end feet that wrap around capillaries

100
Q

pericytes (BBB)

A

contractile cells that lie next to cerebral capillaries

101
Q

BBB

A
  1. protects the brain from harmful “foreign” substances in the blood
  2. protect the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body
  3. maintains a constant environment for the brain
102
Q

T/F: large, hydrophilic, and polar molecules can cross the BBB easily

A

False

103
Q

T/F: lipophilic molecules can cross the BBB

A

True

104
Q

T/F: the BBB allows H+ ions to pass

A

False

105
Q

T/F: the BBB is selectively permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other volatile substances

A

True

106
Q

T/F: There aren’t very many diseases in non-human species where there is a disruption of NT formation or storage, nor are there many significant therapeutic benefits derived from the use of agents that alter the synthesis or storage of NTs. (not a big drug target)

A

True

107
Q

• The BOTTOM LINE on transmitter elimination processes:

A

• These are vital processes that are a common target for numerous drugs of therapeutic importance.

108
Q

• The BOTTOM LINE on transmitter receptor activation:

A

• This is a vital process that is a common target for numerous drugs of therapeutic importance.

109
Q

• The BOTTOM LINE on transmitter release:

A

• There are limited circumstances where there appears to be a therapeutic benefit derived from the use of agents that alter NT release.

110
Q

5 general requirements that must be met in order for an endogenous substance to be considered a synaptic neurotransmitter

A
  1. The substance should be present in presynaptic nerves, usually sequestered in synaptic vesicles.
  2. A mechanism must exist for the synthesis or accumulation of the substance within the presynaptic nerve.
  3. Application of the substance to the postsynaptic cell should mimic the effects caused by stimulation of the presynaptic nerve.
  4. Agents that alter (block, augment, etc.) the postsynaptic response to presynaptic stimulation should have the same effect on exogenously applied transmitter.
  5. A mechanism for inactivation of the transmitter must exist within the synaptic region, including degradative enzymes, a reuptake (transport) system, or other processes.
111
Q

T/F: The primary site for neurochemical communication is the synapse or neuroeffector junction.

A

True

Neuroscience-freshman (5 decks)

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