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FHDM Unit 1: Wound Healing > Dr. Turner- Immune Mechanisms in Healing > Flashcards

Dr. Turner- Immune Mechanisms in Healing Flashcards

1
Q

which arm of the immune system generally kills that pathogen? Which one controls the infection

A

innate= controls until the adaptive can take over

Adaptive = kills the pathogen directly

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2
Q

A pathogen is found intracellularlly in the cytoplasm what kind of cells will we see activated

A

cytotoxic t cells

natural killer cells

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3
Q

a pathogen is found intracellularly in a macrophage. what kind of protective immunity will there be

A

t cell dependent macrophage activation (Requires IF-Gamma)

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4
Q

what kind protictive immunity cells will we see if extracellular pathogens are present

A

antibodies

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5
Q

what kind of immmunity will we see if there is an infective agent in endothelial cells

A

antibodies, especially IgA

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6
Q

Where do extracellular bacterial pathogens replicate

A

outside of the host cells

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7
Q

what are 2 mechanisms of pathogenicity do to to the bacteria directly

A

inflammation - pus forms

septic shock

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8
Q

do gram negative or gram positive secerete LPS

A

Gram negative

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9
Q

LPS is an _____toxin that is secreted by gram ___ bacteria

A

endotoxin , gram negative

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10
Q

give an example of 2 cytotoxic toxins

A

enterotoxins

neurotoxins

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11
Q

What exactly does a superantigen do

A

it can not specifcally activate multiple t cells . It forces the t cell and MHC II to bridge together causing polyclonal activation of t cells.

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12
Q

How is a superantigen related to a cytokine storm

A

superantigens nonspecifically activate t cells. When the t cells are active they release proinflammatory cytokines like TNF, IL-6 and IL-1

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13
Q

List the cytokines that would be involved in a cytokine storm, also what are some of the effects

A

cytokines involved TNF, IL-6 and IL-1.

Effects: hypotension, blood vessel dilation , fever

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14
Q

Describe what innate immunity against extracellular pathogens looks like

A
  1. complement is activated
  2. phagocytosis occurs

recognition occurs due to PAMPS.

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15
Q

describe what adaptive immunity looks like against extracellular pathogens

A

When we are talking about adaptive immunity for extracellular bacteria, think about ANTIBODIES - IgA (epithelial / gut), and IgG (Blood).

The antibodies help to neutralize toxins and promote phagocytosis

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16
Q

What does neutralization refer to

A

when the antibody binds to either the antigen or virus and inhibits its function

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17
Q

T/F antibodies can bind to the pathogen and the toxin

A

true!

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18
Q

What is another word for enhancing phagocytosis

A

opsonization

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19
Q

How are antibodies related to opsinization

A

The antibody binds to the pathogen. The fc region of the antibody can bind to the fc region on the macrophage. . So it basically delivers it to get eaten

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20
Q

List 4 ways that pathogens can evade the immune system

A
  1. inhibit compliment
  2. catalase postive , convert hydrogen peroxide to h20 and oxygen
  3. resistance to phagocytosis, by having a capsule
  4. antigenic variation
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21
Q

list a bacteria that is able to evade phagocytosis and how do they do it

A

pneumococcus does it by having a capsule .

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22
Q

Changing out surface proteins to evade the host immune response is known as

A

antigenic variation

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23
Q

What is antigenic shift

A

when 2 or more viruses combine and cause a new virus

24
Q

What are the innate mechanisms for intracellular bacteria?

A

Remember these replicate inside the host. The cells include NK cells that produce inf-gamma (INF-Gamma helps the macrophages get charged up) and phagocytes that produce IL-12

25
Q

TH1 releases what macrophage and what is its function

A

it secretes IFN-gamma. The function is to activate macrophages to start killin

26
Q

What cytokines does TH2 secrete?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, 1L-10 IL-13

27
Q

What is the function of TH2

A

it is involved in alternative macrophage activation .

28
Q

Which kind of t cell is involved in wound repair

A

TH 2

29
Q

What is the major function of IL-4

A

It helps TH0 differentiate into TH 2

30
Q

What is the major function of TH2

A

It helps helps to fight off parasites and worms

31
Q

what kind of t helper cell is involved in worms

A

TH2

32
Q

What is the role of IL-4 TH-2 T cells

A

It helps b cells class switch from IgM to IgE

33
Q

The major functions associated with TH2 all help to do what? Also, what are these cytokines?

A

The all help to eradicate worms.

The cytokines are
IL- 4,5,6,10,13

34
Q

What is the role of IL-5 on TH2

A

It activates eosinophils

35
Q

Which cytokines are involved in mucus secretion

A

IL4 +IL13, Also promote the alternative macrophage which helps to enhance fibrosis and tissue repair.

36
Q

Which cytokines are involved in fibrosis and tissue repair

A

IL4 +IL13

37
Q

Classical macrophages are associated with what set of T cells

A

Classical macrophages that are involved in killing are involved with TH1

38
Q

Alternative macrophages are involved with what kind of t cell

A

alternative macrophages are associated with TH2

39
Q

What are the anti inflammatory cytokines that pump the breaks on the immune system? What kind of t cells secrete these

A

Anti inflammatory cytokines = TGF-Beta and IL-10

TH-2 secrete these

40
Q

Which cytokine is released from TH2 that stops TH-1 from occuring

A

IL-10

41
Q

M2 macrophages are associated with what kind of t cell

A

th2

42
Q

what cytokines are secreted by M2 induce scarring and repair

A

IL-13 and TGF beta

43
Q

Alternative Macrophage activation is stimulated by what cytokines

A

IL-4 and IL-5

44
Q

Macrophages associated with TH1 are considered

A

pro inflammatory

45
Q

macrophages associated with TH2 are considered

A

anti- inflammatory

46
Q

A monocyte releases IL-13 and IL-4 what kind of macrophage will we see ? will it be proinflammatory or anti inflammatory?

A

m2 macrophage

anti inflammatory

47
Q

A monocyte releases INF- Gamma what kind of macrophage will we see ? will it be proinflammatory or anti inflammatory?

A

M1 macrophage is generated. It will be pro inflammatory

48
Q

Which macrophages are involved in healing

A

IL-4 and IL-13

49
Q

Which cytokines can lead to scaring and fibrosis

A

TGF-Beta and IL-13

50
Q

Where does mycobacterium like to replicate

A

inside of macrophages

51
Q

What are the 2 kinds of leporsy and which is worse

A

tuburculoid and lepromatous

lepromatous is worse,.. look like a leapord

52
Q

What is the difference between TH1 and TH2 responses in leprosy ?

A

tuberculoid = low infectivity because TH1 is working so its killing the pathogen .

Lepromatous = Only TH2 is working so pathogen isnt being killed adequately.

53
Q

WHich antibodies are especially good at opsinization and why

A

IgG are especially good at opsinization because macrophages have a fc -gamma recepter. which bascially means they have a welcome sign on their outside

54
Q

Why are patients without a spleen highly susceptible to encapsilated bacteria

A

because lots of phagocytic cells hang out in the spleen. So if you dont have a spleen, less phagocytosis will occur

55
Q

which region of the antibody changes during class switching

A

the fc region , the antigen binding region does not change!

56
Q

what role do antibodies play in attracting natural killer cells

A

Natural killer cells are attracted to antibodies . They can bind to the FC region.

FHDM Unit 1: Wound Healing (4 decks)

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