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FHDM Unit 1: Wound Healing > Dr. Forbes- Neoplasia > Flashcards

Dr. Forbes- Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor

A

large growth or enlargement may be neoplastic or non neoplastic

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2
Q

Harmartoma

A

localized mass like tissue of haphazard tissues found at a given site

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3
Q

choristoma

A

mass like growth consisting of tissue that NOT normals to the site of origin

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4
Q

Neoplasia

A

new uncontrolled growth

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5
Q

non infiltrative grwoth with low fataility potential

A

benign neoplasia

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6
Q

infiltrative grwoth with high fatality potential

A

malignant neoplasia

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7
Q

malignant neoplasm

A

cancer

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8
Q

distant spread of malignant lesions

A

metastasis

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9
Q

what are some cytologic features of malignant neoplasm

A

increased size of nucleus
lack of differentiation
increased contents in DNA
Increased mitosis

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10
Q

How do sarcomas usually spread

A

via the lymph node

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11
Q

how do carcinomas usually spread

A

via blood

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12
Q

what is the term that descirbes how neoplasm usually spreads

A

seeding

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13
Q

what determines the stage of a malignant neoplasm

A

the spread

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14
Q

something has widely metasisized is it stage 0 or 4

A

4

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15
Q

what determines prognosis

A

stage

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16
Q

what is the TNM system used for?

A

it dictates the cancer stages .

T = primary tumor 
N = regional lymph node
M= metastisis
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17
Q

what are the 2 indicators of malignancy

A
  1. Metastasis (best)

2. Invasion

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18
Q

what determines the grade of a tumor

A

the degree to which it resembles the tissue of origin

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19
Q

75-100% of cells are differentiated = what grade of tumor

A

1 , well differentiated

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20
Q

50-74% of cells are differentiated = what grade of tumor

A

2, moderately differentiated

21
Q

25-50% of cells are differentiated = what grade of tumor

A

3, poorly differentiated

22
Q

0-24% of cells are differentiated = what grade of tumor

A

4= anaplastic

23
Q

what is the best example of desmoplasia ?

A

breast cancer

firm fiberous appearance, it is a reactive proliferation of non neoplastic surrounding tissue

24
Q

a person has a firm hard lesion in her breast, what kind of tumor is this

A

desmoplasia

25
Q

how can you tell where a tumor started ? and what happens to larger tumors

A

they look like primary tissue where the cancer began so you can tell where it started.

Larger masses tend to undergo necrosis

26
Q

what is the origin of carcinomas

A

ectoderm and endoderm

27
Q

what is the origin of sarcomas

A

mesoderm

28
Q

a carnoma that forms glands is called an ____

A

adenocarcinoma

29
Q

a carcinoma that forms a solid nest of cells with distinct border and bridges is called

A

squamous cell carcinoma

30
Q

you look at a carcinoma and it makes keratin, what kind of carcinoma is it

A

a squamous cell carcinoma

31
Q

what is the number one cancer in women

A

breast

32
Q

what is the number one cancer in men

A

prostate

33
Q

what is the most deadly cancer

A

lung

34
Q

list some causes of cancer

A 
envirnonmentn
viruses
cigarettes 
alcohol 
reproductive history 
environmental uv
35
Q

children are at hgiher risk for what kind of tumors

A

luekemia , brain tumors

36
Q

young adults are at risk for what kind of tumors

A

gonads and lymphomas

37
Q

what are the 4 principle targets of cancer causing mutations

A

proto oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
genes regulating cell death
DNA repair genes

38
Q

what are the 3 signs of malignant metastasis

A

excessive growth l
local invasiveness
ability to form distant metastasis

39
Q

what is a driver mutation

A

mutations that contribute to the development of a malignant phenotype

40
Q

what is a proto oncogene

A

normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation

41
Q

what is an oncogene

A

mutated or overexpressed protooncogenes that function autonomously . meaning they grow on thier own regardless of signals

42
Q

what is an oncoprotein

A

a protein that increases cell proliferation

43
Q

what are teh 2 genes regulating apoptosis? which ones trigger and which ones inhibit

A 
BCL2 = Inhibit apoptosis
P53 = trigger apoptosis
44
Q

retinoblastoma is associated with what defective gene

A

defective chromosome 13

45
Q

CML chronicic myelogenous leukemia is assoiated iwth what gene mutaitons

A

philladelphia chromosome

46
Q

what are the 2 steps in neoplastic transformaitn

A

initiation and promotion

47
Q

List the steps leading from Normal cells to neoplasia

A
  1. Normal
  2. Metaplasia
  3. Dysplasia
  4. Neoplasia
48
Q

in situ is usually associated with what stage

A

stage zero

FHDM Unit 1: Wound Healing (4 decks)

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