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Unit 3 > Dr Turner > Flashcards

Dr Turner Flashcards

1
Q

are cancer cases and deaths going to increase or decrease

A

increase

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2
Q

what is one of the main ways that cancer forms

A

the cells evade and outrun the immune response

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3
Q

can the immune system kill tumor cells

A

yes!

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4
Q

what kind of patients are at increased risk for developing cancers

A

immunodeficient patients

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5
Q

both cd4t and cd8t cells express what

A

cd3 (a high cd3 indicates that there are a lot of t cells on sight) aka it is indicating a better prognosis for the patient

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6
Q

will patients with increased cd3 will have increased or decreased survival from tumor

A

increased, because it is a marker for t cells

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7
Q

what is the major marker for killing tumor cells

A

cd8 T cells ( they have memory and specificity). This is why we know that the immune system can be used a therapy to treat cancer

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8
Q

how do CD8 T cells kill

A

perforins (poke holes) and granzymes (activates caspases)

also FAS ligand and TNF-alpha

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9
Q

How does the immune system recognize tumor cells

A

the tumor cells express “neo antigens” aka Tumor Specific Antigens . These antigens are targets for immune responses.

these are found on MHC I. Therefore this is one mechanism by which t cells can recognize a problem

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10
Q

Where are TSA (tumor specific antigens found and what is the significance of the them?

A

they are present only on tumor cells, they induce immune responses leading to tumor rejection

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11
Q

what kind of cell presents TSA

A

mhc class 1

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12
Q

what kind of cells do we see tumor specific antigens

A

only on tumor cells

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13
Q

where are tumor associated antigens found

A

on normal cells in small amounts and in high amounts in abnormal cells

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14
Q

what kind of antigen is this : carcinoembrionic antigen

A

it is a tumor ASSOCIATED antigen . It is found during fetal doses and later in life.

Elevated amounts are assoctiated with cancers. Esepecially colon cancer

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15
Q

give 2 examples of tumor markers

A
  1. carcinoembrionic antigen- high concentration in the fetus, levels go down, if elevated indicate cancer

Alpha Fetoprotein- high concentration in the fetus, levels go down, if elevated indicate cancer

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16
Q

What does elevated PSA mean

A

elevated prostate speficic antigen can indicate prostate cancer

17
Q

what is the role of CD4 t cells in tumor supression

A

they secrete IL-2 which activate CD8 t cells

They can also acticate macrophages thru IFN- gamma and TNF this incrases MHC class 1

18
Q

How do natural killer cells kill

A

perforins and granzymes (they are upregulated when mhc is downregulated)

19
Q

What is an antibody dependet cellular cytotoxity - ADCC

A

This process describes how antibodies can bind to tumor cells. Natural killer cells recognize these antibodies on the tumor cells and kill the cells via perforins and granzymes .

The antibodies can also activate compliment

20
Q

T regs are infiltrating the tumor, what kind of prognosis does this lead to

A

t regs down regulate the immune response, therefore this would lead to a poor prognosis

21
Q

What are the immunosuppresive cytokines

A

IL-10, TGF-Beta. They inhibit tumor specific t cells

22
Q

What are some ways that a tumor can escape the immune response

A
  1. The tumor can stop producing antigens therefore antibodies will not recognize the tumor. This means they have become “ poorly immunogenic”

This creates a lack of t cell recognition.

  1. immunosupressive cytokines (IL-10, TGF-B)
  2. decrease in MHC 1 expression (lack of BC on tumor cells)
23
Q

What is the INHIBITORY tumor ligand that tumors produce

A

PD-L1 . it inhibits t cell activation by binding to pd 1 on t cells . Scientists can take advantage of this for cancer treatment. They can block this so that t cells stay woke and kill cancer cells , althogh this can lead to autoimmunity.

24
Q

Wht are the the 2 INHIBITORY SIGNAL. (CANCERS CAN TURN THESE ON TO HELP EVADE IMMUNE SYSTEM:

A

PD-L1 (inhibit t cell activation) and CTLA-4

25
Q

What is a combination therapy that we use to prevent t cells from being inactivated

A

anti ctla 4 and anti pd-1 . One potential side effect is autoimmune and inflammatory reactions

26
Q

what is tumor immunology

A

find the antigen for the tumor, take t cells from the patient and present the antigen to them and then present them back to the patient

27
Q

what are 2 types of cytokine therapy that are used to treat cancer

A

LAK-lymphokine activated cells

TIL- Tumor infiltrating Lymphocytes

28
Q

what does adjuvant mean. Give an example

A

adjuvants increase immune response.

Unit 3 (12 decks)

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