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101 Bio > Dr Thomas’s Lectures > Flashcards

Dr Thomas’s Lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A

Connective - binds cells and organs
Epithelial - covers exterior and lines internal cavities
Muscle - excitable, consists of skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Neural - excitable, allows propagation of nerve impulses

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2
Q

What are the three cell junctions?

A

Gap junctions - allow communication between cells
Tight junctions - hold cells together, no communication
Desmosomes - anchoring point

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3
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

If the response of the affector reduces the intensity of the stimulus

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4
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

When the increased stimulus makes the secretory agent secrete even more (birth example)

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5
Q

Which cells can change their membrane potential?

A

Excitable cells

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6
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of an excitable cell?

A

-70mV

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7
Q

Describe depolarisation

A

An impulse arrives and has passed the threshold, this then triggers Na+ channels to open which allows them to flood into the cell. K+ gates open and potassium then floods out of the cell.

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8
Q

Describe what happens in repolarisation

A

The Na+ and K+ channel gates close and the Na+ and k+ are pumped back into their respective resting states by active transport

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9
Q

What cell is responsible for myelinating cells

A

Oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

What are the cells which are acting as myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

Describe what happens as AP reaches the end of a neurone

A

The membrane depolarisation activates calcium ion channel to open allowing them to flood in. This influx causes vesicles to move to the presynaptic membrane and release their contents to the synapse

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12
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection
Sensation
Vitamin D production
Temperature regulation
Excretion

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13
Q

What are the three MAIN layers of the skin

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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14
Q

What are the sub layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer - which contain blood vessels and the dermal papillae which holds the dermis and epidermis together
Reticular layer - which are more dense and elastic thanks to collagen and elastic fibres

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15
Q

What is the term used for wound healing?

A

Fibroblast proliferate

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16
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum -
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale

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17
Q

What are the cells in the epidermis called?

A

Keratinocytes (90%)
Melanocytes (5%) - pigment anti UV producing
Langerhans- immune cells
Merkel - sensory

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18
Q

What is the chemical which hardens keratinocytes?

A

Keratin

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19
Q

What does the eccrine sweat glands do?

A

Open directly through pres, they eliminate waste and cool body

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20
Q

What is the function of the apocrine sweat gland?

A

They open into hair follicles

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21
Q

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

A

Secrete sebum, which is the policy lubricant for hair and skin

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22
Q

How is Vitamin D produces?

A

UV converts a form of cholesterol to D3, which is Vit D’s precursor. Blood takes D3 to the liver and kidneys where it is converted to Vitamin D

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23
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control

A

The movement of skeletal muscles. IT IS MADE UP OF THE BRAIN, SPINE AND NERVES

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24
Q

Describe the process of the neural muscular junction

A

Synaptic vesicles transfer acetylcholine to bind to a motor end plate (ionotropic membrane). This releases sodium into the muscle continuing the action potential.

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25
Q

Describe cross bridge cycling

A

Calcium is released into the carcomere which binds to troponin. This displaces troponin which moves tropomyosin, revealing the myosin binding sites. The power stroke begins with ATP being hydrolysed, releasing a phosphate group and causing myosin to bind to these newly exposed sites and slide forward. ADP is released and the process stops until ATP is replaced on the myosin which separates the myosin from actin

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26
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Maintains the internal environment. Keeps homeostasis by controlling circulation, digestion and excretion.

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27
Q

What do visceral sensory neurones do?

A

Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changed and stretch in the visceral organs

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28
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic system?

A

Sympathetic (short) and Parasympathetic (long)

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29
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Filters blood, destroys old RBC

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30
Q

What are the two lobules on the thymus

A

Cortex and medulla

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31
Q

What do the cortex and medulla lobules do?

A

The cortex contains many lymphocytes

The medulla is where the T cells migrate to before entering the blood

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32
Q

What do Basophils and mast Cells do

A

Release mediators to contribute to inflammation (histamines and other cytokines)

Basophils in circulation, mast cells in tissue

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33
Q

What do eoisnophils do?

A

Cytotoxic - they release substances from their granules and directly damage or kill PARASITES

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34
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

They kill/ingest bacteria

35
Q

What are the substances reabsorbed and filtered by the kidney

A

Water
NaCl
Glucose - unless glucose is <200mg/100ml in blood
H+
Urea - 2/3 out, 1/3 reabsorbed
Toxic substances

36
Q

Interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> Glomerulus -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries

A

Route of blood in the nephron

37
Q

Bowman’s capsule -> Proximal CT -> Loop of Henle -> Distil CT -> Collecting ducts

A
38
Q

What is the point where the afferent artery joins with the glomerulus?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

39
Q

How does water move in the body?

A

Through salt movement concentration gradients and hydrostatic forces

40
Q

Peritubular capillaries which surround the nephron reabsorb contents inside to take back into the body

A
41
Q

Excretion =

A

(Filtered+secreted)-reabsorbed

42
Q

What are the three layers of filtration membrane

A

Endothelial cells, basement layer, podocyte

43
Q

What components can’t go through the bowman’s capsule

A

Proteins - due to basement membrane being negatively charged
Cells

Anything bigger than 7nm can’t go through

44
Q

What is Hematuria?

A

Blood in urine

45
Q

Countercurrent multiplier further reabsorbs NaCl and H2O

A
46
Q

What is the structure of of the nephron

A

Glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, Proximal CT, Loop of Henle, Distil CT, Collecting Duct

47
Q

Reabsorption of NA

A

Lumen high concentration gradient to tubule cell, so moves passively (facilitated diffusion), then from the tubule cell Na is actively transported to the interstitial fluid, where it then again follows a gradient into the peritubular capillary

48
Q

What does ANP do? (Atrial natriuretic peptide)

A

Increased of excretion of Na+, less reabsorbed in kidney (released from right atrium when blood volume increases)

49
Q

Somatic system is…

A

Voluntary, you have control over it

50
Q

Bladder is hollow and is surrounded by smooth muscle

A
51
Q

The detrusor muscle is responsible for…

A

Contracting which pushes the urine out of it in coordination with the bladder neck opening

52
Q

What causes the voiding phase of the bladder?

A

When the bladder has reached it’s max stretching a signal is sent to the brain. Voluntary signals relax the external sphincter and the detrusor muscle contracts

53
Q

What are the male reproductive organs?

A

Testes and penis

54
Q

What are the other components of the male reproductive system?

A

Ducts - epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra
Glands - seminal vesicles, prostate

55
Q

The testis contains:

A

Seminiferous tubules - produces sperm
Rente testis
Epididymis - maturation of sperm
Ductus deferens
Ledig cells - produces testosterone

56
Q

What are the gonads?

A

The ovaries or testes

57
Q

Describe spermatogenesis

A

Spermatagonia -> mitosis -> spermatocytes -> meiosis -> spermatids -> differentiation -> spermatozoa

58
Q

The cells from seminiferous tubules move from there, through the rete testis and are stored in the epididymis

A
59
Q

The Endometrium membranes are

A

Stratum compactum
Stratum spongiosum
Stratum basale - thing that is released during menstruation

60
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Ampulla

61
Q

What are the three main hormones in reproduction

A

Oestrogens
Androgens
Progestogens

62
Q

Where is progesterone generated?

A

Corpus luteum, if fertilisation is successful then placenta also does

63
Q

Where is testosterone generated?

A

Testes (leydig cells), ovaries, placenta, adrenals

64
Q

Where is

A
65
Q

During inspiration the thoracic volume increases, so the pressure decreases, which means it is lower than the pressure outside so air is sucked in

A

During expiration the thoracic volume decreased, so the pressure increases, which means the pressure inside is lower than atmospheric pressure so air moves out

66
Q

Respiration of signals from respiratory centre in medulla oblongata cause the contraction of the intercostal muscles moving the diaphragm down which increases thoracic cavity

A
67
Q

Respiratory volumes and capacities

A

Volumes - amount of air movement during different portions of ventilation
Capacities - sums of two or more respiratory volumes

68
Q

What is tidal volumes

A

The amount of gas which is expired/inspired in one breathing cycle

69
Q

What is the inspirators and expiratory reserve volume?

A

The amount of air which can be breathed in forcefully beyond tidal volume
The amount of air which can be forced out past tidal volume

70
Q

Capacity is two or more volumes together

A
71
Q

Total lung capacity is the vital capacity + residual volume

A
72
Q

Peak expiration flow measures…

A

How quickly you can blow air out of your lungs
Measure in L/min

73
Q

Ventilation is the ability to get air to the alveoli
Perfusion is the ability to ensure blood gets to the alveoli

A
74
Q

Gas exchange is dependent on…

A

Thickness of membrane
Surface area of membrane
The partial pressure of the gases that go through the membrane

75
Q

Blood in tissue has a lower partial pressure for O2 and a higher one for CO2, why is that?

A

The blood is deoxygenated as it has been used, this allows for o2 to diffuse into the blood from the lungs as there is a concentration gradient. O2 in greater supply in lungs than in deoxygenated blood

76
Q

Chemical control of breathing is due to…

A

CO2 levels in blood

77
Q

Increase in H+ ions increases ventilation

A
78
Q

Parasympathetic releases what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

79
Q

Sympathetic system releases what neurotransmitter?

A

Noradrenaline to adrenergic receptors

80
Q

Inspiration is a… active or passive process?

A

Active, muscle contracts

81
Q

Expiration is… active or passive?

A

Passive, muscle relaxation

82
Q

Static measurements measure how much air can be inhaled/inhaled can be used to find out if you have a…

A

Restrictive airway diseases

83
Q

Dynamic measurements measure air flow which can help you identify a…

A

Obstructive airway disease

84
Q

What are symptoms of asthma?

A

Shortness/ variable breathlessness
Chest tightness or pain
Wheezing

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