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Virology > Dr. Romero portion > Flashcards

Dr. Romero portion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gold standard in virus ID

A

Virus isolation- but takes too long for clinical

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2
Q

Name the two types of biological assays

A

Viral plaque and end-point titration of infectivity

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3
Q

Name the 4 physical assays

A

HA, Ag capture ELISA, EM count, PCR

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4
Q

What does virus isolation look for?

A

CPE- cytopathic effects like syncitia, intranuclear/intracytoplasmic inclusions

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5
Q

What is a + result in HA

A

Lattice of cross linked RBCs

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6
Q

Minimum detection for HA in turkey/chicken

A

10^6/mL

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7
Q

How do you confirm HA

A

Make antisera of suspected virus, if it inhibits HA, virus confirmed

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8
Q

FeLV - virus type

A

Gamma retro (think grandma loves cats)

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9
Q

FeLV - diversity due to

A

mutation and recombination with endogenous retroviruses

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10
Q

FeLV - infection usually due to

A

genetically distinct but Ag-related exogenous FeLVs

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11
Q

FeLV - virulence traits

A

In LTRs/promoter of provirus on SU surface glycoprotein

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12
Q

FeLV - vax origin

A

SU glycoprotein changes alter disease and receptor use

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13
Q

FeLV - symptoms

A

Lymphosarcoma, myoproliferative dz and anemia, glomerulonephritis, immunopathologic disease, fibrosarcomas

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14
Q

FeLV - lymphosarcoma pathogenicity

A

6 cellular oncogene dysregulation (c-myc, v-myc, flvi1, flvi2, flit1, fit1)

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15
Q

FeLV - transmission

A

Horizontal- saliva, tears, urine, feces, milk; vertical- transplacental

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16
Q

FeLV - lymphoma types

A
  • multicentric, alimentary (older), thymic (kittens), unclassified (skin, eyes, CNS);
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17
Q

FeLV - myoproliferative disease types

A
  • RBC myelosis, granulocytic leukemia, erythroleukemia, myelofibrosis;
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18
Q

FeLV - immuno dz types

A
  • glomerulonephritis from Ag-Ab complex in capillaries; Ab-mediated cytotoxicity depleting lymphocytes; immunodeficiency leading to stomatitis, gingivitis, non-healing lesions, abscesses, CRF, etc
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19
Q

FeLV - fibrosarcoma pathogenicity

A

Recombination of virus to FeSV via V-onc acquisition, multifocal subcu that metastasize, no horizontal spread of FeSV, sarcomas from vax not FeSV

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20
Q

FeLV - dx

A

Ag immunoassay kits - detect p27 in serum; PCR

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21
Q

FeLV - vax components

A

env and gag Ag from recombinant canarypox

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22
Q

Bovine leukemia virus- type

A

Retrovirus

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23
Q

Bovine leukemia virus- target

A

B-lymphocytes with IgM on surface, monocytes, macrophages

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24
Q

Bovine leukemia virus- symptoms

A

Mostly asymptomatic; Lymphoma, lymphosarcoma leading to death, persistent lymphocytosis

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25
Q

Bovine leukemia virus- lymphocytosis

A

high number of circulating B lymphocytes in 30% of cows, only 5% will develop lymphosarcoma

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26
Q

Bovine leukemia virus- transmission

A

Virus in B cells - transfer in blood or milk- horizontal - proviral DNA in milk, biting insects, bloody tools

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27
Q

Bovine leukemia virus- incubation

A

3-4 years

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28
Q

Bovine leukemia virus- pathogenicity

A

Infect B-lymph’s, polyclonal expansion of lymphs, viral transactivating protein (Tax) enhances LTR promoter to increase replication speed

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29
Q

Bovine leukemia virus- diagnosis

A

huge buffy coat on PCR

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30
Q

Most common cause of LRT dz in cattle

A

Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus

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31
Q

BRSV- virus type

A

paramyxo- pneumovirinae RNA virus

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32
Q

Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus- symptoms

A

pneumonia, edema, emphysema, secondary bacterial infection, BRDC (bovine respiratory disease complex)

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33
Q

Syncitia

A

Cell fusion causing many nuclei surrounded by one membrane

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34
Q

Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus- pathology

A

Dstroys ciliated epithelium of lungs, interstitial pneumonia and emphysema on necropsy, syncitia in in bronchi and alveoli

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35
Q

Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus- cell targets

A

Type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages

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36
Q

Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus- diagnose

A

RT-PCR, but may get + from modified live vax!!!; Virus isolation with paired sera

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37
Q

Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus- vaccine

A

Formalin-inactivated glycoprotein G might enhance disease - skews Th-2 immune response = release of cytokines, no CD8+ T-cell response

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38
Q

CAE caprine arthritis encephalitis- virus

A

Leniti- retrovirus RNA!

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39
Q

CAE- transmission

A

Milk/colostrum (also in utero, birth, saliva/respiratory)

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40
Q

CAE- target

A

Any WBC rich biological material

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41
Q

CAE- diseases

A

Chronic joint dz, indurated (hard) mastitis, encephalomyelitis in kids under 6m

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42
Q

CAE- control

A

Remove kids from infected does immediately after birth, heat colostrum 56 deg for 30 min, no vax or tx

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43
Q

JSRV- disease name

A

Jaagseitke sheep (beta) retrovirus - Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis

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44
Q

JSRV - CS

A

Progressive dyspnea due to drowning in own fluid from over-secretion from cells

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45
Q

JSRV - target cells

A

transforms differentiated lung epithelial cells- Type II pneumocytes - in terminal airways and alveoli

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46
Q

JSRV - transmission and pathogenesis

A

Aerosolized lung fluids from proviral DNA in 2-pneumocytes, found in lymphoid tissue, macrophages and lymphocytes as well

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47
Q

JSRV- replication

A

Active replication in restricted to bronchoalveolar epithelial cells

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48
Q

JRSV- dx

A

No sensitive serological test

49
Q

JRSV - control

A

No test, so use strict biosecurity and immediate removal of sheep with CS- DO NOT use lambs from infected ewes

50
Q

BCoV- virus

A

Coronavirus RNA

51
Q

BCoV- replication

A

URT (nasal gland) and Large Intestine

52
Q

BCoV- pathogenicity

A

Destroys epithelial enterocytes lining villi CRYPTS!

53
Q

BCoV- CS

A

maldigestion, malabsorption, water/elec loss; usually seen at 3-4 weeks when maternal Ab disappear

54
Q

BCoV- immunity

A

Lactogenic IgG1 - can boost pregnant cows pre-birth with adjuvanted vax

55
Q

BCoV- dx

A

HA virus readily isolated from feces or nasal swab - add trypsin (take a tryp with corona) observe CPE development, add RBCs for hemadsorption; RT-PCR of Spike or Nucleoprotein genes

56
Q

BCoV- vax source

A

S immunogenic protein

57
Q

Your piglet has diarrhea, what is the virus

58
Q

TGE- virus

A

coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis

59
Q

TGE- pathogeniciy

A

fecal oral, 18-72 hours later- diarrhea

60
Q

TGE- target

A

Villi- not crypts

61
Q

TGE- dx

A

Ag/virus detection, Ab detection ELISA for specific S protein, viral nucleic acid detection RT-PCR of S gene

62
Q

TGE- Ag detection, describe

A
  • stained intestinal impression using IHC or IF labeling of Ab- intestinal cells’ immune reactivity with TGE virus fluorescent Ab
63
Q

PRCV- porcine respiratory coronavirus- source

A

TGE mutant with deletion in S protein that changed tropism- large (~600 nt) deletion at 5’ end of S gene

64
Q

PRCV- target

A

Only respiratory epithelium (pneumocytes I and II)

65
Q

PRCV- transmission

A

Farm to farm airborne

66
Q

PRCV- effects

A

Mild, subclinical respiratory disease from Inflammation and necrosis of terminal airways- can become pneumonia

67
Q

Cause of FIP (feline infectious peritonitis)

A

Feline enteric coronavirus

68
Q

FIP- suspected pathogenicity

A

FEC mutate in host and change to tropism for macrophages- Serotype 2 FEC recombinant with canine corona

69
Q

FIP- CS

A

Wet- rapid progression, protein rich frothy fluid in abdomen, pyogranulomas on viscera; Dry- slower progression, little to no abd fluid

70
Q

FIP- vax

A

Temperature sensitive mutant IN vax- controversial

71
Q

BCoV- vax

A

Low temp vax slow activation in nasal tissue

72
Q

Orbivirus- pathogenicity

A

Arthopod vectors in high heat

73
Q

Orbivirus- name a disease!

A

Blue tongue virus

74
Q

Blue tongue virus- transmission

A

Bugs, transplacental

75
Q

Blue tongue virus- attachment proteins

A

VP2 and VP5 on capsid surface for attachment, penetration

76
Q

Blue tongue virus- proteins for protective antibody immunity

A

VP2, VP5, VP7!!!!!!

77
Q

Rhabdoviridae- name two diseases and their genera

A

Rabies- lyssavirus; vesicular stomatitis in horses - vesiculovirus

78
Q

Rabies- epidemiology determined via

A

Examine glycoprotein G for species lineage

79
Q

Rabies CS

A

Two clinical forms afte prodromal phase- Furious and dumb/paralytic after

80
Q

Rabies tx

A

Vaccine and Ig - effective due to delay between initial replication in muscle cells and entry to nervous system

81
Q

Rabies vaccines- us

A

Killed only - better against bat transmission

82
Q

Rabies- dx

A

GOLD STANDARD- IF of frozen brain; Negri bodies (intracytoplasmic inclusions) in brain neurons (only reliable if +)

83
Q

VSV- virus

A

Rhabdoviridae vesiculovirus (vesicular stomatitis virus)

84
Q

VSV - geography

A

Americas/western hemisphere

85
Q

VSV- differentiate from?

A

FMD - if horses involved, it’s VSV

86
Q

VSV- types

A

NJ- most common, less aggressive; IN- less common, more aggressive

87
Q

VSV- CS

A

Oral lesions, excessive salivation

88
Q

Distemper- virus type (3)

A

Parmyxo paramyxo morbilivirus

89
Q

Distemper- lineages

A

Seven - 2 america, 2 asia, arctic like, european, european wildlife – based on H gene, but close enough to use same vax

90
Q

Distemper- pathogenicity/target

A

Respiratory disease that replicates in lymphocytes causing immunodepression

91
Q

Distemper- viremias

A

1st- lymphoid replication - fever spike; 2nd - systemic infection - epithelial cells of UG tract

92
Q

Distemper- immunity

A

Mediated by F protein and H protein neutralizing antibody

93
Q

Orthomyxovirus- type

A

Type A influenze viruses

94
Q

Orthomyxovirus- morphology

A

enveloped, segmented, negative ssRNA with 8 gene segments

95
Q

Type A avian flu virus- source of pandemic

A

Reassorment of HA/NA genes of two viruses

96
Q

Orthomyxovirus- surface glycoproteins

97
Q

Avian influ- reservoir/transmission

A

Waterfowl reservoir with low pathogenicity, goes high when affecting domestic; inhalation or ingestion

98
Q

Avian influ- replication site

A

Nasal cavity- trypsin like enzymes cleave viral HA

99
Q

Avian influ- pathogenic sequence

100
Q

Avian influ- other disease similar- contrast

A

Newcastle disease both have drop in egg production, facial edema, comb/wattle cyanosis - need specific reagents to show influ ability to inhibit hemagglutination

101
Q

Swine influ virus - CS

A

Usually sub clinical but can become acute respiratory with concurrent pathogens

102
Q

Swine influ virus - avoid outbreaks by

A

All in all out herds

103
Q

Equine influenza- CS hallmark

A

Dry, paroxysmal cough, high fever; rapid spread in 24-48 hours

104
Q

Equine influenza- vax

A

H3N8 + lineage of regional flu

105
Q

Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRDC) - virus

A

Influ virus H3N8 and H3N2 (new)

106
Q

CIRDC complex organisms

A

distemper, adenovirus 2, parainfluenza 5, respiratory corona, penumovirus, bordetella

107
Q

CIRDC- lineage

A

Equine H3N8

108
Q

CIRDC- pathogenicity

A

Destroys respiratory epithelium, predisposes for secondary

109
Q

CIRDC- new strain, source

A

H3N2 from avian origin

110
Q

CIRDC - compare strains

A

H3N8 - mild, H3N2- aggressive - 10 times more virus, longer shedding (24 days)

111
Q

CIRDC vax sequence

A

6 weeks, then 2-4 w after, then anual

112
Q

CIRDC- immunity

A

No lifetime, no significant cellular immunity

113
Q

BVDV- virus

A

flaviviridae - pestivirus

114
Q

BVDV- transmission

A

Fomites - feed, urine, nasal/oral secretions, feces, placental tissue, transplacental in first half of pregnancy; poorly transmitted from acutely affected animals; Persistently affected will shed for life and pass to offspring

115
Q

BVDV- disease

A

Mucosal disease- if pregnant and infected in mid gestation from ncp biotype, persistent infection will be present if offspring survives. Leads to immunotolerance and mutation of ncp to cp- which allows mucosal disease which can cause cytopathic disease

116
Q

BVDV- dx

A

Ear notch test with ELISA or RT PCR

117
Q

BVDV- control

A

Immediate culling of Ag positive

118
Q

BVDV vax

A

Inactivated, no protection for transplacental; do not vax persistently infected- will cause mucosal disease

Virology (2 decks)

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